Government Policies & Interventions

Small Finance Banks (SFBs)

31-10-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has returned Jana Small Finance Bank’s (SFB) application for transition into a universal bank, citing non-fulfilment of eligibility criteria outlined under its 2024 guidelines for SFBs.

What is a Small Finance Bank?

RBI's 2024 Guidelines for Converting SFBs into Universal Banks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a Small Finance Bank?

SFBs are private institutions created to enhance financial inclusion in India. They offer basic banking facilities, including deposits and credit, to unserved and underserved groups like small farmers, micro industries, and informal sector enterprises.

2. When were SFBs introduced and under whose recommendation?

Introduced in Union Budget 2014–15, based on the 2009 Raghuram Rajan Committee Report – “A Hundred Small Steps.”

3. What are the key eligibility criteria for an SFB to convert into a universal bank as per RBI's 2024 guidelines?

The SFB must be listed, have a minimum net worth of ₹1,000 crore, a profitable track record of 5 years, and maintain gross NPAs <3% and net NPAs <1% for two consecutive years.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. What is the purpose of setting up of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India? (2017)

  1. To supply credit to small business units
  2. To supply credit to small and marginal farmers
  3. To encourage young entrepreneurs to set up business particularly in rural areas.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



Supreme Court Stays UGC's 2026 Regulations

31-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court (SC) has issued an interim stay on the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026, citing concerns of potential division of society and undermining campus unity. 

Read More: UGC New Rules Against Caste Discrimination 


Indi and Puliyankudi Limes

30-10-2025

Source: PIB

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has facilitated the first-ever air shipment of GI-tagged Indi Lime (Karnataka) and Puliyankudi Lime (Tamil Nadu) to the United Kingdom.

Indi Lime (Vijayapura)

Puliyankudi Lime

Read More: India's Geographical Indication Landscape


World Food India 2025

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry , Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India ,  National Agriculture Market 

For Mains: Food Security and Value Addition, Food processing as an engine for rural employment and MSME growth.

Source: PIB

Why in News?

World Food India 2025, India’s flagship food processing event, aims to position India as a ‘Global Food Hub’. The event concluded with the signing of Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) worth over Rs 1 lakh crore, highlighting investments, innovations, and employment generation across multiple states.

World Food India

World _Food_India World _Food_India_2025

What is the Landscape of the Food Processing Sector in India?

What are the Opportunities and Challenges in the Food Processing Sector in India?

                   Opportunities

          Challenges

  • Expanding Market: The food processing sector is growing rapidly, valued at USD 336 billion in 2023 and projected to double by 2032. 
    • This expansion creates jobs, adds value to agriculture, and strengthens India’s GDP.
  • Infrastructure Gaps and Post-Harvest Losses: India lacks adequate cold chains, storage, and transport facilities, leading to nearly 30% food wastage and annual post-harvest losses of around Rs. 90,000 crore.
  • Urbanisation: Rising urban population and busier lifestyles are pushing demand for ready-to-eat, packaged, and convenience foods, expected to cross Rs. 12 lakh crore by 2025. This opens scope for product diversification and new brands.
  • Technology and Finance Barriers for SMEs: Small and medium enterprises struggle with high costs of modern machinery and limited access to credit. 
    • This reduces their productivity and weakens competitiveness against large firms.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Health, Wellness, and Organic Foods: Sustainability is driving demand for organic and plant-based products. The organic market is projected to reach Rs. 75,000 crore by 2025, with consumers increasingly willing to pay a premium.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • Technology and Innovation: Adoption of automation, AI, robotics, and smart packaging is transforming efficiency and quality. 
    • The Indian food tech market is expected to touch USD 30 billion by 2024, boosting competitiveness globally.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.
  • MSMEs and Rural Employment: With 63 million MSMEs contributing to 30% of GDP, schemes like PMFME promote local entrepreneurship. 
    • This helps farmers move up the value chain and supports rural livelihoods.

What Measures can Strengthen India’s Food Processing Sector?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  The Indian food processing sector is expanding rapidly, yet its share in global processed food exports remains low. Analyse the reasons and suggest policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is World Food India (WFI) 2025?

Ans: It is MoFPI’s flagship event to project India as a Global Food Hub, attracting ₹1 lakh+ crore investments and showcasing farm-to-fork linkages.

2. Why is the food processing sector significant for India?

Ans: It ensures food security, value addition, rural employment, MSME growth, and boosts exports (USD 49.4 bn in 2024–25).

3. Which key government schemes promote food processing?

Ans: PLISFPI, PLISMBP, PMKSY, PMFME, 100% FDI in food processing, and Mega Food Parks.

4. What are the main challenges in India’s food processing industry?

Ans: Post-harvest losses (~₹90,000 crore), infrastructure gaps, credit barriers for SMEs, and low global competitiveness.

5. What measures can strengthen the sector?

Ans: Cluster-based zones, tech-driven supply chains (AI, IoT, blockchain), credit reforms, Codex-aligned quality standards, single-window clearances, and R&D boost.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With what purpose is the Government of India promoting the concept of “Mega Food Parks”? (2011)

  1. To provide good infrastructure facilities for the food processing industry.
  2. To increase the processing of perishable items and reduce wastage.
  3. To provide emerging and eco-friendly food processing technologies to entrepreneurs.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the challenges and opportunities of the food processing sector in the country? How can the income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (2020)

Q.What are the reasons for the poor acceptance of a cost-effective small processing unit? How can the food processing unit be helpful to uplift the socioeconomic status of poor farmers? (2017)



Crowd Management in India

30-09-2025

For Prelims: Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, NDMA, Disaster Management Act, 2005.                              

For Mains: Disaster management strategies for stampedes, NDMA guidelines, challenges and way forward.

Source: IE 

Why in News?

A campaign rally for a Tamil actor-turned-politician in Karur, Tamil Nadu turned tragic, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries.

What is a Stampede?

What are the Key Causes and Impact of Stampedes in India?

Causes

Impacts

Immediate Triggers (rumors, sudden obstructions)

Stampedes result in sudden fatalities, severe injuries, and psychological trauma, while also generating grief and anger.

Systemic Failures (underestimating crowd size, poor crowd control, lack of preparedness)

These failures erode public trust in authorities, invite repeated scrutiny of safety protocols, and make it harder to implement sustainable reforms.

Behavioral Factors (panic spread, disregard for norms, star power, political influence)

Behavioral triggers cause uncontrolled crowd movement leading to trampling deaths, spark social unrest, and stigmatize mass gatherings or festivals.

Poor Infrastructure (narrow paths, blocked exits, slippery floors)

Increases the risk of falls and chain-reaction stampedes, causes critical injuries, and leads to economic losses as public participation in events declines.

Fatal Stampede Incidence in India

What are the Key Recommendations of NDMA for Crowd Management?

Global Best Practices in Crowd Management

How can Stampedes be Prevented in India?

Conclusion

Stampedes in India are caused by a mix of triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors, and poor infrastructure, resulting in high human, social, and economic costs. Effective prevention requires NDMA-compliant planning, crowd management, technology use, public awareness, and accountability frameworks to safeguard lives and ensure safer mass gatherings.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the systemic and behavioral factors responsible for stampedes and suggest a multi-pronged strategy for ensuring safety at large public gatherings.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a stampede?

Ans: A stampede is a sudden, uncontrolled rush of people, often triggered by panic, fear, causing compressive asphyxia, hypoxia, and multiple deaths.

What are the main causes of stampedes in India?

Ans: Stampedes arise from immediate triggers, systemic failures, behavioral factors  and poor infrastructure.

What are some global best practices in crowd management?

Ans: Countries like Saudi Arabia, UK, South Korea, and Japan use crowd simulations, AI CCTV monitoring, timed tickets, staggered entry, and multiple exits for safe mass gatherings.

What strategies can India adopt to prevent stampedes?

Ans: India can implement ICT-based crowd monitoring (AI, drones, Wi-Fi heat maps), manage human behavior, build a culture of safety, and strengthen accountability through legislation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains 

Q. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (2020)



Provincial Citizenship

30-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The term “provincial citizenship” is gaining traction in academic and policy debates, especially in light of domicile policies in States like Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and Assam.

Its ascendancy signals a shift toward more exclusionary, nativist politics that may contest the constitutional ideal of a singular, equal Indian citizenship.

What is Provincial Citizenship?

Aspect

National Citizenship

Provincial Citizenship

Legal Status

Constitutionally defined under Articles 5–11

Not legally recognized; a political and social construct

Governing Law

Citizenship Act, 1955

No formal law; based on State-level political practices

Scope

Applies uniformly across India

Applies within specific States

Rights Guaranteed

Equal rights to reside, work, and access public services

Prioritizes locals; may restrict access for internal migrants

Constitutional Backing

Supported by fundamental rights (Art. 14, 15, 16, 19)

Often contradicts fundamental rights.

Basis of Identity

Indian nationality

State-level identity (e.g., local, native, son of the soil)

Federalism Impact

Strengthens integration through uniform citizenship

Boosts State autonomy, but strains Centre-State balance

Citizenship

What are the Concerns Associated with Provincial Citizenship in India?

What Reforms are Needed to Balance State Autonomy with National Citizenship?

Conclusion

Provincial citizenship may serve local insecurities but risks fragmenting India’s unity, equality, and fraternity. Guided by the Constitution and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), India must reaffirm the principle of one nation, one citizenship, protecting diversity while ensuring inclusivity for all citizens, regardless of where they come from.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Evaluate the concept of provincial citizenship in India and discuss its implications for national unity and equality under the Constitution.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Provincial Citizenship?

Ans: It is an unofficial, politically constructed notion of belonging to a specific Indian state. It emerges from nativist politics, tied to the idea of being “native,” “indigenous,” “local,” or “son of the soil.”

How does Provincial Citizenship differ from National Citizenship in India?

Ans: National Citizenship is constitutionally guaranteed under Articles 5–11 with uniform rights across India, while Provincial Citizenship is an unofficial, domicile-based construct privileging locals within States.

Which Constitutional provisions are violated by domicile-based policies?

Ans: Domicile rules often conflict with Articles 14, 15, 16, and 19, which guarantee equality, non-discrimination, equal employment opportunities, and freedom of movement.

Why are States increasingly adopting Provincial Citizenship policies?

Ans: Driven by economic competition for jobs, cultural anxieties over migration, and a lack of central law on domicile, States use it as a tool for nativist and electoral politics.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile.
  2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.
  3. A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (a)



SC Calls for Regulating Social Media

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Social media, Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000, Section 79(1) of the IT Act, 2000, Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), Article 21

For Mains: Regulation of Social Media in India, Impacts of Social Media on Different Sections of Society.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC), while hearing a case against comedians for derogatory remarks, observed that social media influencers commercialise free speech, cautioning that such content can harm the dignity of vulnerable groups and urging the government to frame effective guidelines to balance free speech with societal sensitivities.

Key Observations & Recommendations of SC

What are the Key Regulations Governing Social Media Usage in India?

Key Legislations:

Key Judicial Pronouncements:

Why is there a Need for Regulating Social Media?

What are the Key Challenges in Regulating Social Media in India?

What Measures Can be Taken to Improve the Credibility and Utility of Social Media in India?

Conclusion

Regulating social media is essential to balance freedom of expression with the dignity and rights of vulnerable groups. A combination of robust legal frameworks, technological solutions, digital literacy, and ethical practices can ensure accountability, curb misinformation, and foster a safe, inclusive, and credible online ecosystem.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges in regulating social media platforms in India, considering the balance between freedom of expression, privacy concerns, and the need for accountability.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question: 

Mains

Q. What are social networking sites and what security implications do these sites present? (2013)

Q. Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (2023) 



Civil Society Organizations in India

30-08-2025

For Prelims: Civil Society Organizations, Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

For Mains: Role of Civil Society in strengthening democracy in India, Challenges faced by CSOs and their impact on governance

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have once again come into focus for its role in mobilising communities, protecting rights, and filling gaps in governance. Beyond the state and markets, it drives collective action, ensures citizen participation, and strengthens democracy in India.

What is a Civil Society Organization?

Types_of_ Civil Society Organization

Regulatory Framework for Civil Society in India

What is the Role of Civil Society in a  Democracy?

What are the Challenges of Civil Society in a Democracy?

What Measures can be Adopted to Enhance the Role of CSO?

Conclusion

Civil society remains the heartbeat of participatory democracy, bridging gaps between the state and citizens. Strengthening CSOs is not just about governance, it is about empowering society to shape its own future. A vibrant civil society is the true measure of a resilient democracy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the evolving role of Civil Society Organizations in India and their contribution to participatory democracy.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women's effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. (2023)

Q. How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (2015)

Q. Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976. (2015)

Q. Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen? Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (2021)

Q. In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive? (2024)



Samudrayaan Project

30-08-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Two Indian aquanauts dived into the Atlantic Ocean aboard France’s submersible Nautile as part of preparations for the Samudrayaan Project.

What is the Samudrayaan Project?

Matsya-6000

What is the Deep Ocean Mission?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q: With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Q: Consider the following statements: ( 2021)

  1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
  2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
  3. “Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)



One District One Product (ODOP)

30-01-2026

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The One District One Product (ODOP) initiative has recently been in the news for its nationwide expansion, highlighting its role in promoting district-level economic development and local entrepreneurship. 

What is One District One Product (ODOP)? 

ODOP Wall 

PM Ekta Malls

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is ODOP? 
ODOP (One District One Product) is a government initiative that promotes one unique product from each district to boost local livelihoods and regional development. 

2. When was ODOP launched? 
ODOP was launched in 2018 in Uttar Pradesh and later expanded to the national level. 

3. What is the main objective of ODOP? 
The main objective of ODOP is to unlock district-level economic potential by supporting local artisans and producers through branding, market access, and skill development. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. What is/are the recent policy initiative(s)of Government of India to promote the growth of manufacturing sector? (2012)

  1. Setting up of National Investment and Manufacturing Zones 
  2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’ 
  3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)



Tantya Mama and Bhil Tribe

30-01-2026

Source: IE 

Tantya Mama has been in the news after the Madhya Pradesh government announced plans to install a new metal statue of the revered tribal figure. 

Tatya Mama  

Bhil Tribe 

Major_Tribes_in_India

Read More: Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas to Commemorate Tribal Legacy 


Amendments to New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019

30-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified significant amendments to the New Drugs and Clinical Trials (NDCT) Rules, 2019, aiming to simplify regulatory processes and accelerate pharmaceutical research under the Ease of Doing Business framework. 

Read more:  Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 


Holy City Status and Sikh Heritage

29-12-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

Punjab has officially declared Amritsar, Anandpur Sahib, and Talwandi Sabo as holy cities due to their deep Sikh heritage, as each hosts one of the faith’s five Takhts

Summary

What is Sikhism?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the significance of the five Takhts in Sikhism?
The five Takhts are seats of temporal and spiritual authority. The Akal Takht in Amritsar is the supreme seat, symbolizing Miri-Piri (temporal-spiritual unity), while the others are linked to key events in Guru Gobind Singh's life.

2. Who founded Sikhism and when?
Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded Sikhism in the 15th century in Punjab, emphasizing monotheism, equality, and ethical living.

3. What are the Five Ks in Sikhism?
Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kachera, and Kirpan — worn by Khalsa Sikhs as symbols of faith, discipline, and identity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following Bhakti Saints: (2013)

  1. Dadu Dayal 
  2. Guru Nanak 
  3. Tyagaraja

Who among the above was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?  

(a) 1 and 3  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3  

(d) 1 and 2 

Ans: (b)



Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment

29-12-2025

For Prelims: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM), Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment, DPSPs, Fundamental Duties, Air Pollution, Monsoon, Biodiversity Hotspots, Western Ghats, Soil Organic Carbo, E-waste, Articles 48A and 51A(g), Article 14 (Right to Equality), Polluter Pays Principle, UNFCCC.          

For Mains: Different environmental crises in India and various Supreme Court judgments on environmental rights, Key environmental conservation initiatives taken in India and further steps needed to strengthen its conservation in India.

Source: TH

Why in News?

The persistent environmental crisis has reignited debates about constitutional provisions for environmental protection and the need for explicit recognition of the right to a clean and healthy environment.

Summary

What are the Persistent Environmental Crises in India?

Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

How has Environmental Jurisprudence Evolved in India?

Key Environmental Conservation Initiatives Taken in India

What are the Challenges in Solving the Persistent Environmental Crises in India?

What Further Steps are Necessary to Strengthen Environmental Conservation in India?

Conclusion

Recurring environmental crises and sustained judicial activism highlight a serious implementation gap in India’s conservation framework. Establishing a constitutional right to a clean environment, alongside integrated governance, data-driven enforcement, and financial realignment, is essential to shift from reactive responses to systemic ecological sustainability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the role of the Supreme Court in expanding the scope of Article 21 to include environmental protection

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How has Article 21 been linked to environmental protection?
The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 21 to include the right to pollution-free air, water, and a healthy environment.

2. What does the Polluter Pays Principle imply?
It requires polluters to bear the cost of pollution control and environmental damage remediation.

3. Has climate change been recognised as a constitutional issue?
Yes, in M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India (2024), climate change impacts were recognised under Articles 21 and 14.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)

Q. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) 

  1. Automobile exhaust 
  2. Tobacco smoke 
  3. Wood burning 
  4. Using varnished wooden furniture 
  5. Using products made of polyurethane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only   

(b) 2 and 4 only  

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater? (2025)

Q. Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiative in this regard. (2024)

Q. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021)

Q. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (2020)



Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025

29-11-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Jal Shakti will host the Vision for Sujalam Bharat Summit 2025 in New Delhi, marking a major national effort to create a unified and practical water security framework. 

Read More: India's Blueprint for Clean Drinking Water 


India Plans to Allow Private Sector Participation in Nuclear Energy

29-11-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear SectorSmall Modular ReactorsPrototype Fast Breeder ReactorLight Water Reactors (LWRs)Pressurised Heavy Water ReactorAtomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).      

For Mains: Energy security: role of nuclear power in India’s Net-Zero 2070, Public-private partnerships

Source:BS

Why in News?

The Prime Minister of India announced that the country will soon open its civil nuclear power sector to private players, ahead of the Parliament’s winter session where the Atomic Energy Bill, 2025 will be introduced to expand nuclear capacity and attract private investment.

How can the Private Sector Strengthen India’s Nuclear Power Programme?

India’s Nuclear Energy Landscape 

Nuclear_Energy

What are the Major Barriers to Private Sector Participation in India’s Nuclear Power Sector? 

What Steps Can Enhance India’s Nuclear Power Sector? 

Conclusion

Opening India’s nuclear sector to private players could transform its clean energy landscape, but success will depend on resolving liability issues, clarifying ownership structures, and strengthening the regulatory framework. The Atomic Energy Bill, 2025 marks a major step, but the sector’s future will hinge on how well the policy balances safety, investment, and long-term energy security. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the need for legislative reforms in India’s nuclear sector  to enable private participation while safeguarding safety and liability?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is nuclear energy?
Nuclear energy is the energy released from the nucleus of an atom through fission (splitting) or fusion (combining), with all commercial electricity today produced through fission. 

Q. Which isotope is primarily used as fuel in nuclear reactors?
Most reactors use Uranium-235, a fissile isotope that constitutes less than 1% of natural uranium. 

Q. How does a nuclear power plant produce electricity?
Heat from fission converts water into steam, which spins turbines connected to a generator, producing electricity—similar to thermal power plants but with no CO₂ emissions from operation. 

Q. What is the Nuclear Fuel Cycle?
It is the sequence of industrial processes from uranium mining → enrichment → fuel fabrication → reactor use → spent fuel storage → reprocessing or disposal. 

Q. Why is uranium enrichment necessary?
Natural uranium contains only 0.7% U-235, which is insufficient for sustained fission; enrichment increases U-235 concentration to 3–5% for reactor fuel. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium   

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies   

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises   

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned   

Ans: (b) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations.   
  2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)

Q. Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of the fast breeder reactor programme in India? (2017)



Tewary Commission Report on Nellie Massacre

29-11-2025

Source: IE

The 1983 Nellie Massacre, during the Assam Agitation (1979–1985), has returned to public focus after the Assam government released the Tewary Commission Report, shedding new light on the tragedy. 

Assam Agitation (Assam Movement)

Read More: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 


Tech-Driven Multilingual Inclusion in India

29-10-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India is advancing toward digital multilingual inclusion by leveraging advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and machine learning.

How is India Integrating Technology with Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What are the National and Institutional Initiatives Supporting Language Preservation and Digital Inclusion?

What is the Broader Impact of Technology-Led Multilingual Platforms?

Conclusion

India’s language preservation efforts are driven by cutting-edge technologies to keep its linguistic heritage vibrant and accessible. Platforms like Bhashini, and BharatGen safeguard cultural diversity while driving inclusive digital growth and global leadership in multilingual innovation.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the role of technology in preserving India’s endangered and tribal languages.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bhashini?
Bhashini is an AI-driven multilingual translation platform under the National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

2. Which platform focuses on AI-based preservation of tribal languages?
Adi-Vaani, launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, is India’s first AI-driven platform for real-time translation and preservation of tribal languages like Santali, Bhili, and Gondi.

3. What is the role of BharatGen in India’s multilingual ecosystem?
BharatGen develops text-to-text and text-to-speech AI translation models for 22 Scheduled Languages, enhancing accessibility in governance, education, and healthcare.

4. How do initiatives like Anuvadini and e-KUMBH support NEP 2020?
Anuvadini translates technical books into Indian languages, while e-KUMBH provides free multilingual access to educational materials—supporting NEP 2020’s goal of education in the mother tongue.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

1. 21st February is declared to be the International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. 

2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)

Q. Consider the following languages: (2014)

  1. Gujarati 
  2. Kannada
  3. Telugu

Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government? 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)



United Nations Convention against Cybercrime

29-10-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, National Crime Records Bureau

For Mains: International law and cyber governance, Transnational cybercrime

Source:IE

Why in News? 

The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC), the world’s first global framework to tackle cybercrime, moved closer to becoming legally binding after 72 of 193 UN member states signed the treaty.

Note: The Convention was opened for signature in Hanoi, Vietnam in October 2025, where 72 countries signed it during the high-level conference. It will enter into force 90 days after 40 countries ratify or accede to it.

What is the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC)?

What is Cybercrime and Cybersecurity?

Cybercrime

Cybersecurity

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for India Under the UN Cybercrime Convention?

Challenges

Opportunities

Conclusion

The UN Cybercrime Treaty marks a major step in global cybersecurity governance, aiming to ensure no country is left defenceless against cybercrime but it also raises critical questions about privacy, human rights, and digital sovereignty.
For India, the challenge lies in adopting a framework that strengthens cyber resilience without compromising individual freedoms.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the objectives and key provisions of the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime (UNCC).

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the UN Cybercrime Convention (UNCC)?
    The UNCC is the first global treaty on cybercrime, adopted by the UNGA in December 2024 to harmonise laws, enable cross-border electronic evidence sharing, and strengthen cooperation and capacity building.
  2. Has India signed the UNCC?
    No, as of October 2025 India did not sign the treaty, citing privacy, data sovereignty and governance concerns despite having participated in drafting.
  3. What are the main cyber threats facing India today?
    Rising cybercrime — including fraud, extortion and sexual exploitation — with a 31.2% increase in cases in 2023 (NCRB), plus large cross-border financial frauds costing billions of rupees.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)

  1. Service providers
  2. Data centres
  3. Body corporate

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



PM SVANidhi 2.0

29-08-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Cabinet has approved the restructuring and extension of the Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, until 31st March 2030 with an aim to benefit 1.15 crore street vendors, including 50 lakh new beneficiaries.

Read more: PM SVANidhi Scheme



International Data Privacy Day

29-01-2026

For Prelims: Council of Europe, International Data Privacy Day,  Right to Privacy,  Digital Public Infrastructure 

For Mains: Data privacy and data protection law in India, Key provisions of Data Protection Act 2023 and Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025.

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

India observed International Data Privacy Day on 28th January, reaffirming its commitment to responsible data practices, public awareness, and trust-based digital governance amid the rapid expansion of digital platforms. 

Summary

Convention 108

What is Digital Footprint and How has the Indian Data Privacy Framework Evolved? 

Indian Data Privacy Framework

Data Privacy & Security Readiness Initiatives

Initiative / Mechanism 

Key Features & Significance  

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) 

MHA-led nodal body, it focuses on cybercrime prevention, detection & response, especially crimes against women & children. 

National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) & Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFCFRMS) 

Enables real-time reporting of cybercrime & financial frauds; supported by Helpline 1930 for nationwide access 

Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC)  

Facilitates real-time coordination among banks, telecoms, and law enforcement to block accounts, SIMs, and devices 

Sahyog Platform & Suspect Registry 

Sahyog for expedited takedown of unlawful online content and Suspect Registry for identification of mule accounts & fraud-linked digital identifiers 

C-DAC Cybersecurity Solutions 

Development of indigenous tools to reduce dependence on foreign technologies and enhance digital sovereignty 

National Cyber Forensic Laboratories 

Provide forensic support for data breach analysis, evidence preservation, and cybercrime prosecution 

Samanvaya Platform  

National Management Information System for cybercrime analytics, inter-State coordination, and geo-mapping of cybercrime infrastructure 

CyTrain (2019) & Cyber Commando Programme (2024) 

Strengthen skilled cybersecurity workforce across law enforcement and institutions 

Cyber Swachhta Kendra (CSK) 

It acts as a Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre, providing free malware detection and removal tools. It also provides daily alerts, and best cyber security practices dissemination. 

What are the Key Challenges to Data Protection in India? 

Cyber_Security

What Measures can Strengthen Data Protection in India? 

Conclusion 

Data Privacy Day highlights trust and data protection as core to India’s digital ecosystem. With the DPDP framework and stronger cybersecurity institutions, India is building a secure digital future. It reinforces the shared responsibility of the State, platforms, and citizens in safeguarding digital rights. 

Drishti Mains Question:

“Data protection is a democratic imperative in a digitally governed society.”Examine this statement in the context of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is International Data Privacy Day and why is it observed? 
It is observed on 28 January to raise awareness on data protection and commemorate Convention 108, the world’s first legally binding data protection treaty.

2. What is meant by India’s digital footprint? 
It refers to the population-scale use of digital platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, MyGov, and eSanjeevani in governance, services, and daily life. 

3. What is the significance of the DPDP Act, 2023? 
It establishes a citizen-centric data protection framework, empowering individuals as Data Principals and ensuring accountability of data handlers. 

4. Which institution enforces data protection under the DPDP Act? 
The Data Protection Board of India, which oversees compliance, investigates breaches, and enforces corrective action. 

5. How does India strengthen cybersecurity beyond legislation? 
Through CERT-In, I4C, NCRP, CFMC, Cyber Swachhta Kendra, and capacity-building programmes like CyTrain and Cyber Commando. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)    

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer    
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so    
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion    
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only    
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only    
(c) 2 and 3 only    
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4    

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)    

  1. Service providers    
  2. Data centres    
  3. Body corporate    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 only    
(b) 1 and 2 only    
(c) 3 only    
(d) 1, 2 and 3    

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy.(2022)



India’s Evolving Counterterror Response Since 26/11 Attacks

28-11-2025

For Prelims: National Security Guard (NSG)Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA)National Investigation Agency (NIA)Multi-Agency Centre (MAC)National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)Territorial WatersCERT-In   

For Mains: Key Changes Made to India's Counter-terrorism Infrastructure Post 26/11 Attack, Limitations Continue to Impede India’s Counter-terrorism Capabilities and Measures can be Taken to Strengthen Counter Terrorism Efforts. 

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The President honoured the soldiers who sacrificed their lives during the 26/11 attack and urged everyone to renew their commitment to fight terrorism in all forms. 

What Major Reforms were Introduced in India’s Counter-terrorism Framework Following the 26/11 Attacks?

Which Key Limitations Continue to Impede India’s Counter-terrorism Capabilities?

What Measures can be Taken to Strengthen Counter-terrorism Efforts? 

Conclusion 

Future counter-terrorism strategies in India must build on post-26/11 reforms by addressing fragmented intelligence, judicial gaps, cyber threats, and manpower shortages. Emphasizing a unified doctrineadvanced technology integration, and stronger international cooperation will create a proactive, resilient, and coordinated counter-terrorism architecture.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the key changes made to India's coastal security architecture post-26/11. To what extent have they addressed the vulnerabilities exposed during the attacks?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. Which major institutional reforms were implemented after 26/11? 
Key reforms included creation/strengthening of the NIA, expansion of coastal surveillance networks, strengthening of the Multi-Agency Centre, NATGRID development, NSG hub decentralisation and state-level special forces (e.g., Force One). 

Q. How does the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) strengthen counter-terrorism? 
NATGRID creates an integrated database for security agencies to share information and track suspects using data from various government sources, enhancing intelligence coordination. 

Q. What persistent lacunae continue to hinder India’s counter-terrorism capacity? 
Persistent issues include intelligence stove-piping, uneven state police capabilities, technological shortfalls in cyber and surveillance, judicial/prosecution weaknesses, and gaps in doctrine and rehabilitation programs. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017) 

Q. Religious indoctrination via digital media has resulted in Indian youth joining ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous to the internal security of our country? (2015) 

Q. Cyber warfare is considered by some defence analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyber warfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country’s preparedness to deal with the same. (2013)



Passive Euthanasia and the Right to Die with Dignity

28-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has instructed a hospital to constitute a medical board to assess a petition seeking passive euthanasia for a 32-year-old individual who has remained in a “persistent vegetative state” for the past 12 years. 

What is Euthanasia? 

What are the Key Ethical Perspectives on Euthanasia?

Arguments FOR Euthanasia (Pro-Choice) 

Arguments AGAINST Euthanasia (Pro-Life) 

Supremacy of Autonomy (Libertarianism): Drawing from John Stuart Mill’s Liberalism, proponents argue that an individual is sovereign over their own body and mind. Therefore, a competent adult has the libertarian right to self-determination, including the choice to end their life when it becomes unbearable, without state interference. 

The Sanctity of Life (Deontology): Immanuel Kant’s Deontological ethics asserts that human life is an "end in itself" and never a means to an end. Therefore, intentionally destroying life—even to escape pain—treats humanity merely as a tool, violating the Natural Law duty to preserve life regardless of its quality. 

Minimizing Suffering (Utilitarianism): Based on Jeremy Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism, the moral worth of an action is determined by its ability to maximize happiness and minimize pain. Since prolonged agony serves no purpose, euthanasia is viewed as a compassionate, rational choice that reduces the net suffering in the world. 

Value of Endurance (Virtue Ethics): Virtue Ethicists argue that suffering, while painful, is a part of the human condition that calls for the virtues of courage and endurance. Gandhian ethics (Ahimsa) generally rejects active killing, suggesting that spiritual strength is found in facing life's natural end rather than prematurely escaping it. 

Beneficence Over Biology: The medical principle of Beneficence (acting in the patient's best interest) implies that a doctor's duty is to relieve suffering. When a cure is impossible and pain is unmanageable, aiding a peaceful death is seen as fulfilling the humanitarian obligation of the medical profession. 

"Do No Harm" (Non-Maleficence): The core of medical ethics, rooted in the Hippocratic Oath, is Primum non nocere (First, do no harm). Opponents argue that a doctor is a healer, not an executioner; engaging in euthanasia corrupts the telos (purpose) of medicine and destroys the doctor-patient trust. 

Rational Resource Management (Pragmatism): From a pragmatic utilitarian standpoint, maintaining life support for PVS (Persistent Vegetative State) patients consumes scarce medical resources. Redirecting these funds to treatable patients upholds the principle of Distributive Justice, ensuring the greatest good for the greatest number. 

The "Slippery Slope" (Rule Utilitarianism): Rule Utilitarians warn that even if a specific case of euthanasia seems merciful, legalizing it creates a dangerous rule. It risks a "Slippery Slope" where society eventually starts justifying the involuntary killing of the elderly, disabled, or poor to save costs, leading to moral decay. 

Did you Know? 

Conclusion 

The Supreme Court’s intervention reinforces India’s evolving approach to the right to die with dignity, combining legal safeguards with compassionate care through a structured, medically-reviewed passive euthanasia process.

Drishti Mains Question:

Differentiate between active and passive euthanasia. What are the procedural safeguards mandated by the Supreme Court for the withdrawal of life support?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the key difference between active and passive euthanasia? 
Active euthanasia involves a direct act to end a life (e.g., lethal injection), while passive euthanasia is the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment to allow a natural death from the underlying illness. 

Q. Which landmark Supreme Court judgment recognized the 'Right to Die with Dignity' as part of Article 21?
The Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) judgment recognized this right and legally permitted passive euthanasia and 'living wills' in India. 

Q. How did the Supreme Court recognize passive euthanasia in India? 
In Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011) and Common Cause v. Union of India (2018), the SC legalized passive euthanasia and advance medical directives under Article 21. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) 

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.   

(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.   

(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.   

(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care.Discuss. (2020)



Reclassification of CPSEs

28-10-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Government is planning to revise the classification and performance assessment criteria for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) by introducing two new ‘Ratna’ categories in addition to the existing Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna statuses.

What are the Key Aspects of the CPSEs’ Reclassification?

What are CPSEs? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a CPSE?

A Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) is a company with ≥51% government ownership, incorporated under company law or an Act of Parliament, including its subsidiaries.

2. Who is re-evaluating CPSE classification?

A 10-member committee headed by Cabinet Secretary T.V. Somanathan is reviewing CPSE classification and will submit its report before the Union Budget 2026–27.

3. How does the proposed new 'Ratna' differentiation differ from the existing one?

Unlike the existing categories that depend on financial size and turnover, the new tiers will recognize CPSEs based on their strategic importance to national economic goals in critical sectors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

 1. It is a Public Limited Government Company.

 2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company.

 Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (c)



Internationalisation of Indian Higher Education

28-10-2025

For Prelims: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Setting up and Operation of Campuses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India Regulations 2023, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Make in India, Digital India, Public-Private Partnerships.                                                     

For Mains: Significant Policy Reforms Driving Transformation in India’s Higher Education Sector, Emerging Prospects and Challenges Linked to the Entry of Foreign Universities in India.

Source: IE

Why in News?

17 foreign universities mainly from the UK and Australia, have received approval to set up campuses in India under UGC’s 2023 regulations. This move aligns with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and comes amid growing demand for quality higher education in India.

How is India Advancing Global Partnership in Higher Education?

What Factors are Driving Foreign Universities to Establish Campuses in India?

What are the Implications of Internationalising India’s Higher Education?

What are the Key Challenges in Setting Up Foreign University Campuses in India, and How can They Be Addressed?

Challenges

Way Forward

Autonomy Challenges: Limited autonomy on fees, curriculum, faculty; complex UGC approvals.

Stable Regulatory Framework: Fast-track single-window clearances; transparent policies on autonomy, taxation, and fund repatriation.

Financial Viability: Balancing affordability with costs; meeting enrollment targets for break-even.

Sustainable Financial Models: Phased investments; public-private partnerships; allow surplus repatriation with reinvestment clauses.

Competition Challenges: Intense competition from IITs/IIMs; student skepticism on degree value.

Strategic Academic Partnerships: Joint degrees, credit transfers; collaborative research on India-specific themes.

Quality Assurance Issues: Attracting top faculty; ensuring no dilution of curriculum/pedagogy standards.

Robust Monitoring & Evaluation: Define success via research, employability, and community impact metrics.

Infrastructure Barriers: Land acquisition, taxation, labour laws, and infrastructure readiness.

Cultural Integration: Adapt curricula to Indian context and values; promote local skills and knowledge economy.

Conclusion

India's framework for foreign universities, driven by NEP 2020 and UGC 2023, aims to transform higher education by enhancing quality, curbing brain drain, and fostering global competitiveness. Success hinges on balancing foreign autonomy with national interest, ensuring affordability, and creating sustainable, mutually beneficial academic partnerships for long-term impact.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine how National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and UGC Regulations 2023 facilitate the internationalisation of higher education in India and assess their policy implications

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the policy framework for foreign universities setting up campuses in India?
NEP 2020 and UGC Regulations 2023 permit top-ranked Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEIs) to establish campuses, promoting internationalisation and quality parity.

2. Which eligibility criterion must foreign universities meet under UGC rules?
FHEIs must be ranked within the top 500 globally (overall or subject-wise) or demonstrate exceptional domain expertise as per UGC assessment.

3. How does the entry of foreign universities align with India's national development goals?
It supports goals like 'Make in India' and 'Digital India' by creating a skilled workforce in high-demand fields, curbing brain drain, and fostering research and innovation within the country.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy  
  2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies  
  3. Fifth Schedule  
  4. Sixth Schedule  
  5. Seventh Schedule  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans- (d) 


Mains

Q1. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021)

Q2. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate on your answer. (2020) 



Outlook of Indian Economy

28-07-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Consumer Price Index,  Inflation, Current Account Deficit, Gross fiscal deficit , Foreign Portfolio Investment 

For Mains: State of the Indian economy and macroeconomic indicators, Inflation and fiscal discipline, State finances 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Reserve Bank of India's article titled “State of the Economy” offers a cautiously optimistic view of the Indian economy, amid global and trade-related uncertainties. 

What is India's Present State of the Economy?  

What are the Factors Affecting the Indian Economy at Present? 

Way Forward 

Conclusion 

India needs disciplined, steady, and state-led execution. Balancing welfare with investment, and exports with domestic demand, will be key to turning current challenges into a long-term growth opportunity. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015)

(a) Coal production  

(b) Electricity generation  

(c) Fertilizer production  

(d) Steel production  

Ans: (b) 

Q. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if: (2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.  

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output  

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.  

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.  

Ans: (c)  

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because: (2019)

(a) Poverty rates vary from State to State  

(b) Price levels vary from State to State  

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State  

(d) Quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Do you agree that Indian economy has recently experienced V–shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of their answer. (2021)

Q. Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

Q. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product(GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (2017)



Promoting Foreign Universities in India

28-06-2025

For Prelims: University Grants Commission, India's higher education sector, National Education Policy 2020, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Study in India program 

For Mains: Opportunities & Challenges with the Advent of Foreign Universities in India, Key Reforms Taken in the Indian Higher Education System, Key Issues Associated with India's Higher Education System.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The entry of foreign universities into India marks a significant shift in the country’s higher education landscape. Encouraged by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the UGC (FHEI) Regulations, 2023, this presents both opportunities and challenges for India’s education ecosystem. 

Note 

University Grants Commission (UGC) 

What is Driving the Entry of Foreign Universities into India's Higher Education Sector? 

What are the Benefits for India from Foreign Universities Entering its Higher Education Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to Foreign Universities Campuses in India? 

What are the Key Issues Associated with India's Higher Education System?  

Click Here to Read: Key Issues in India's Higher Education System 

What Measures can be Adopted to Revitalise India’s Higher Education System?  

Click Here to Read: Revitalise India’s Higher Education System 

What Should be the Strategy for Sustainable Collaboration with Foreign Universities in India? 

Conclusion 

The entry of foreign universities holds transformative potential for India’s higher education sector. However, their success will depend on adaptation to local contexts, affordable quality delivery, and collaboration with domestic institutions. With the right regulatory safeguards and visionary policies, this initiative can strengthen India’s position as a global knowledge hub. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the opportunities and challenges associated with foreign universities establishing campuses in India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (2012)

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy  
  2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies  
  3. Fifth Schedule  
  4. Sixth Schedule  
  5. Seventh Schedule  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3, 4 and 5 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans- (d) 


Mains

Q1. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate on your answer. (2020)  

Q2. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021)





RGI Directives on Birth Certificates

28-06-2025

Source: TH 

The Registrar General of India (under the Ministry of Home Affairs) has directed all States to ensure birth certificates are issued within 7 days of registration, preferably before discharging newborns from hospitals, especially in government facilities, which account for over 50% of institutional births in India. 

Read More: Registration of Births and Deaths in India 


Review of Project Elephant

28-06-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Environment Ministry reviewed key initiatives under Project Elephant (1992) , highlighting the completion of Phase-I of the synchronized elephant population estimation in Northeastern states. 

Key Highlights of Project Elephant Review 

Elephants 

 

Read More: Elephant Poaching in Tamil Nadu 


SAMPANN–UMANG Integration

28-01-2026

Source: PIB 

The SAMPANN (System for Accounting and Management of Pension) pension management system has been integrated with the UMANG(Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) platform to provide digital access to key pension services for telecom pensioners. 

SAMPANN 

Read more: UMANG App 


Rabies in India

27-12-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A recent study by One Health has brought renewed attention to rabies in India, highlighting that the country alone accounts for nearly one-third of global rabies deaths, despite the disease being entirely preventable.

Summary 

What are the Key Findings of the Study on Rabies in India? 

What are the Key Facts About Rabies? 

India’s Measures for Rabies Control in India 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Why is rabies considered a major public health problem in India? 
India accounts for about 20,000 of the 59,000 global rabies deaths annually, mainly due to dog bites, delayed treatment, and poor access to vaccines and RIG. 

2. Which programme addresses rabies control in India? 
The National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP) focuses on surveillance, prevention, free treatment, and capacity building under the National Health Mission.

3. What makes rabies almost always fatal? 
Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and symptoms appear, the disease is 100% fatal, with no effective cure.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following diseases: (2014)

  1. Diphtheria 
  2. Chickenpox 
  3. Smallpox 

Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India? 

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 3 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3  

(d) None  

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant Vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. 
  2. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (c)



India’s Iconic Bridges

27-12-2025

Source: PIB 

India has built numerous bridges that are strategic and economic lifelines, connecting regions, navigating difficult terrains, and demonstrating engineering excellence. 

Read More: Infrastructure Development in India 


Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats

27-09-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Gram Panchayats, Bhashini, SVAMITVA, BharatNet, Gram Sabha, eGramSwaraj.                              

For Mains: Understanding digital initiatives for Panchayats requires a holistic examination of their necessity, socio-economic impact, benefits, implementation challenges, and the necessary corrective measures.

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) has launched digital reforms for Gram Panchayats, aligned with Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat, to promote transparent, efficient, and inclusive rural governance.

What are the Key Digital Initiatives Related to Gram Panchayats?

Digital_Initiatives_in PRIs

How do Digital Initiatives Enhance the Functioning of Panchayats?

What Factors Limit the Effectiveness of Digital Reforms in Panchayati Raj Institutions?

How can Digital Governance Initiatives be Improved at the Panchayat Level?

Conclusion

Digital initiatives are transforming rural governance by improving transparency and efficiency. Focusing on robust infrastructure, continuous capacity building, and inclusive design can bridge the digital divide and empower Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "Digital tools for Panchayati Raj Institutions promise transformative governance but face significant implementation challenges." Critically examine this statement in the Indian context.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017)

(a) Federalism 

(b) Democratic decentralisation 

(c) Administrative delegation 

(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b)


Q. The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development
  2. Political accountability
  3. Democratic decentralization
  4. Financial mobilization

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q1. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022) 

Q2. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)



WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

27-09-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

India is in the process of ratifying the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, positioning itself as a strong voice for sustainable fishing practices and the protection of small-scale fishers. 

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What is India’s Stance on WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies?

What are India’s Initiatives and Schemes to Promote Sustainable Fisheries?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. The terms ‘Agreement on Agriculture’, ‘Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures’ and ‘Peace Clause’ appear in the news frequently in the context of the affairs of the (2015)

(a) Food and Agriculture Organization 

(b) United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change 

(c) World Trade Organization  

(d) United Nations Environment Programme 

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (2014)



National Initiative on Water Security

27-09-2025

Source:PIB

The Union Government has launched the National Initiative on Water Security under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, prioritizing water conservation across rural India

Read more: Water Management: From Scarcity to Sustainability



India - Eurasian Economic Union FTA Negotiations

27-08-2025

For Prelims: Eurasian Economic Union, Free Trade Agreement, International North-South Transport Corridor, Northern Sea Route

For Mains: India’s International Trade Policy and Bilateral/Multilateral Agreements, Strategic Economic Partnerships and Geopolitics (Russia, EAEU, BRICS)

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

India and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) have signed the Terms of Reference (ToR) to launch negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), a move that comes after stalled trade talks with the United States and rising US tariff threats.

What is Eurasian Economic Union?

What is the Significance of EAEU to India?

What are the Challenges in India- EAEU Engagement?

How can India–EAEU Engagement Be Strengthened?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the strategic and economic significance of India’s engagement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the current geopolitical scenario.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019)

(a) Japan 
(b) Russia 
(c) The United Kingdom 
(d) The United States of America 

Ans: (b)


Q. The term ‘Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership’ often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as(2016)

(a) G20
(b) ASEAN
(c) SCO
(d) SAARC

Ans: (b)


Q. With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (2016)

  1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
  2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What is the significance of Indo-US deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. ( 2020)



SHGs in India

27-06-2025

For Prelims: Lakhpati Didi Initiative, PM SVANidhi, MGNREGA, Panchayati Raj Institutions, SDGs, MUDRA, Government e Marketplace, SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission.                          

For Mains: Role of SHGs and Lakhpati Didi initiative in women empowerment, Significance and challenges associated with SHGs, Steps needed to improve the working of SHGs. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) signed an MoU to strengthen the Lakhpati Didi initiative by empowering rural women from Self Help Groups (SHGs). 

What is the Lakhpati Didi Initiative? 

What are Key Facts About Self Help Groups (SHGs)? 

 

Why Are SHGs Important for Community Development and Women's Empowerment? 

What are the Major Challenges Faced by SHGs? 

What Steps can be Taken to Improve the Working of SHGs? 

SHG-Bank Linkage Programme 

Conclusion 

The Lakhpati Didi Initiative and SHG movement are transforming rural India by empowering women economically and socially. While challenges like financial access and market linkages persist, strategic interventions in skilling, credit access, and policy support can amplify their impact, making SHGs pivotal to achieving inclusive growth and Viksit Bharat by 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key challenges faced by SHGs in India? Suggest policy measures to enhance their sustainability and scalability. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (2012)

  1. By setting up a large number of new manufacturing industries and agribusiness centres in rural areas 
  2. By strengthening ‘self-help groups’ and providing skill development 
  3. By supplying seeds, fertilizers, diesel pump-sets and micro-irrigation equipment free of cost to farmers 

 Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women’s effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. (2023)

Q. Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (2021) 

Q. “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of the Self Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (2020) 

Q. “The emergence of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the State from developmental activities”. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. (2017)

Q. The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes. Elucidate. (2015)





MSDE–WEF India Skills Accelerator

27-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the World Economic Forum (WEF) to strengthen India’s skills and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ecosystem. 

What is the MSDE- WEF India Skills Accelerator?

What are the Key Initiatives Driving India’s TVET Landscape?

Scheme/ Programme 

Target Group 

Key Features / Objectives 

Skill India Mission (SIM) 

Youth across India 

  • Implemented by MSDE to provide skill, re-skill, and up-skill training- delivered through a nationwide network of training centres, institutes, and digital platforms 
  • SIM aims to make youth future-ready and industry-ready 

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 

Youth, including rural population 

  • PMKVY Phase 4 (2022-26) emphasizes short-term training, reskilling, and upskilling through Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). 
  • It focuses on employability-oriented skills. 

Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) 

Non-literates, neo-literates, school dropouts (15–45 years) 

  • Vocational skills for socially and economically disadvantaged groups- priority is given to women, SC, ST, OBC, minorities with special provisions for Divyangjan 

National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) 

Apprentices and industrial establishments 

  • Promotes apprenticeship training by providing financial support to establishments under the Apprentices Act, 1961, combining basic training with on-the-job workplace training. 

Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) 

Youth seeking long-term vocational training 

  • Implemented through ITIs across India in multiple economic sectors. 
  • It aims to create an industry-ready skilled workforce and promote youth self-employment. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India Skills Accelerator? 
It is a multistakeholder platform under the MSDE–WEF partnership to address present and future skill gaps through industry-aligned skilling models. 

2. What are the key objectives of the MSDE–WEF MoU? 
To align skilling with global labour-market needs, strengthen public–private partnerships, and scale innovative TVET solutions. 

3. How does the initiative support NEP 2020? 
It integrates vocational education with general and higher education, promotes flexible curricula, and encourages lifelong learning. 

4. Why is the Skills Accelerator significant for India’s demographic dividend? 
It enhances employability of over 500 million youth under 25 by creating a future-ready, globally competitive workforce. 

5. Which major schemes form the backbone of India’s TVET landscape? 
Skill India Mission, PMKVY, Jan Shikshan Sansthan, National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme, and Craftsmen Training Scheme. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

1. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.   
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.   
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (c)



Reservation for Agniveers in CAPFs

26-12-2025

Source:TH 

The Union Home Ministry has decided to increase reservation for ex-Agniveers in Group C posts of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) from 10% to 50%, marking a major policy shift under the Agnipath scheme. 

Agnipath Scheme 

central_armed_police_forces

Read more: Agnipath Scheme 


Shrinking Clusters of India’s Exports

26-12-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of IndiaCredit–Deposit (CD) ratiosUnified Logistics Interface PlatformExport Promotion Capital Goods 

For Mains: Export-led growth and structural transformation in India, Regional imbalance and core–periphery pattern in Indian economy, Employment elasticity of exports and capital deepening. 

Source:TH 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2024–25 shows that India’s export growth is increasingly concentrated in a few States, raising concerns that exports may now reflect existing regional advantages rather than driving broad-based development. 

Summary 

What does the RBI Reveal About India’s Export Structure? 

India’s Export Landscape 

What are the Challenges Arising from Concentration of Exports in a Few States? 

What Measures can Drive a Sustainable Transformation in India’s Export Sector? 

Conclusion 

India’s export growth now mirrors existing regional strengths rather than driving inclusive development. Rising concentration and capital-intensive exports have weakened job creation and regional convergence. Sustainable transformation requires employment-focused, regionally balanced export policies.

Drishti Mains Question:

“India’s export growth increasingly reflects existing regional strengths rather than driving inclusive development.” Critically examine.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the key export-related finding of the RBI Handbook of Statistics on Indian States 2024–25?
It shows that nearly 70% of India’s exports originate from five States, up from about 65% five years ago, indicating rising export concentration.

Q. Which States dominate India’s export basket?
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh together account for the majority of India’s exports.

Q. What does the rising Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) indicate in India’s export structure?
An increasing HHI reflects growing market concentration and a more top-heavy export geography, with lagging regions failing to catch up.

Q. Why is export growth not translating into employment generation?
According to ASI 2022–23, fixed capital grew by ~10.6% while employment rose by only ~7.4%, showing capital deepening and declining labour absorption.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Q1. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (2018)  

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.  

(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output.  

(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.  

(d) Imports grow faster than exports.  

Ans: (c)

Q2. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (2010)

  1. Development of infrastructure facilities.  
  2. Promotion of investment from foreign sources.  
  3. Promotion of exports of services only.  

Which of the above are the objectives of this Act?

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only   

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a)  

Q3. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (2011)  

(a) the money supply is fully controlled  

(b) deficit financing takes place  

(c) only exports take place  

(d) neither exports or imports take place  

Ans: (d)



Export Landscape

26-12-2025

Source: ET 

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs is proactively addressing complaints regarding innovative dark patterns on e-commerce and digital platforms. These are deceptive design techniques that mislead or trick users into unintended actions, such as making purchases or sharing personal data.  

What are Dark Patterns? 

What is the Regulatory Framework for Dark Patterns in India 

What are the Ethical and Economical Implications of Dark Patterns? 

Way Forward 

Read More: Consumer Protection Rules, 2021 


Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Programme

26-11-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme has completed 50 years since its launch as a pilot in Karnataka, one of its earliest adopters, the programme now is the world’s largest community-based early childhood development programme. 

What is the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Programme? 

ICDS

Mission Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 

Mission_Saksham_Anganwadi_Poshan 2.0

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is ICDS?
ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) is a centrally sponsored flagship programme that provides an integrated package — supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, immunisation, health check-ups, referral services and health & nutrition education — for children (0–6 years) and pregnant/lactating mothers.

Q. What is Mission Saksham Anganwadi & POSHAN 2.0?
It is the restructured umbrella programme that subsumes ICDS, Poshan Abhiyaan, Scheme for Adolescent Girls and National Crèche Scheme to strengthen nutrition, ECCE, anganwadi infrastructure and adolescent nutrition through convergence and digital monitoring (Poshan Tracker).

Q. How does Poshan Tracker help programme delivery?
Poshan Tracker enables real-time monitoring of nutrition indicators, beneficiary tracking and convergence with RCH data, improving targeting and accountability 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers. 
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women. 
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice. 
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(d) 3 and 4 only

Ans: (a) 



Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)

26-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News? 

The Union Finance Minister formally launched the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT), marking a significant milestone in India’s GST journey. The tribunal is set to streamline dispute resolution  and reinforce trust in India’s indirect tax system.

What is the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT)?

Read more: GST 2.0 with Next-generation Reforms

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following items: (2018)  

Cereal grains hulled 

Chicken eggs cooked 

Fish processed and canned 

Newspapers containing advertising material 

Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Good and Services Tax)?  

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (c)  

Q. What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’? (2017) 

It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India. 

It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves. 

It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 



Simultaneous Elections in India

26-09-2025

For Prelims: Union Cabinet, Simultaneous Elections, Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, One Nation, One Election, Municipalities, Panchayats, Election Commission of India, State Election Commissions, EVMs, VVPATs, Law Commission, Model Code of Conduct

For Mains: Need of simultaneous elections and associated concerns.

Source:IE

Why in News?

Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, noted that frequent elections hinder reforms and highlighted that the simultaneous elections improve governance and policy implementation.

What are Simultaneous Elections?

High-Level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, 2023

How do Frequent Elections Impact Governance in India?

 What is the Need for Simultaneous Elections in India?

Committee/Commission Recommendations on Simultaneous Elections in India

What are the Challenges Associated with Simultaneous Elections?

What Reforms can Facilitate the Transition to Simultaneous Elections in India?

Conclusion

The concept of Simultaneous Elections represents a significant step toward streamlined electoral management and efficient governance. While implementation requires careful constitutional amendments and political consensus, it promises administrative efficiency, fiscal prudence, and sustained policy focus, strengthening India’s democratic framework.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. One Nation, One Election could reduce fiscal costs but may undermine federalism. Discuss in light of recent proposals for simultaneous polls.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q.Which one of the following factors constitutes the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy? (2021) 

(a) A committed judiciary 

(b) Centralization of powers 

(c) Elected government 

(d) Separation of powers 

Ans: (d) 


Q. Consider the following statements: (2021) 

In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.

In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.

As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her winning in all the constituencies.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3  

(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)

Mains 

Q. Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national law maker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (2019)

Q. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (2017)



Fertilizer Sector in India

26-08-2025

For Prelims: One Nation One Fertilizer, Nano‑fertilizers, Neem Coated UreaPradhan Mantri Kisan Samridhi Kendras

For Mains: Fertilizer Sector, Atmanirbhar Bharat & Strategic Sectors.

Source: FE

Why in News? 

A parliamentary committee has urged the government to reclassify the fertilizer sector as ‘strategic’, criticizing its current ‘non-strategic’ status as inconsistent with India’s self-reliance goals under Atmanirbhar Bharat, especially in light of growing import dependency and food security concerns.

What are the Parliamentary Committee Observations and Recommendations on the Fertilizer Sector?

Observations

Recommendations

How Integral are Fertilizers to India's Agriculture and Economy?

How is India’s Fertilizer Sector Evolving Towards Sustainability and Self-Reliance?

What are the Challenges in Categorizing the Fertilizer Sector as ‘Strategic’?

How can India Make its fertilizer Sector Self-Reliant?

NBS subsidy

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Critically examine the need to classify the fertilizer sector as strategic in the context of India’s food security and Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
  2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
  3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture? (2016)

(a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms.
(b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil.
(c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields.
(d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops.

Ans: (b)



National Cooperation Policy 2025

26-07-2025

For Prelims: Cooperatives, Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund , Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, International Day of Cooperatives, Article 19 

For Mains: National Cooperation Policy 2025, Evolution and role of cooperatives in India's socio-economic development 

Source:TH 

Why in News?

To mark the United Nations-designated International Year of Cooperatives (IYC) 2025, India unveiled the National Cooperation Policy 2025 to transform the cooperative sector into a people-driven economic force 

International Year of Cooperatives (IYC) 2025 

What are the Key Features of the National Cooperation Policy 2025? 

National_Cooperation_Policy_2025

What are Cooperatives? 

 Cooperatives

What are the Key Initiatives Undertaken by India in the Cooperative Sector? 

What are the Challenges and Opportunities for the Cooperative Sector in India? 

Challenges 

Opportunities 

Conclusion 

Cooperatives are a grassroots movement empowering farmers, women, and small entrepreneurs. They promote inclusive growth and resilient communities. Under the National Cooperation Policy 2025, India reaffirms its commitment to “Sahkar se Samriddhi,” aiming to use cooperatives as a vehicle for sustainable development and widespread prosperity.

Drishti Mains Question:

The cooperative model has long been a tool for rural empowerment in India. In light of the National Cooperation Policy 2025, critically evaluate how cooperatives can drive inclusive growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards established by State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, through a 1966 Amendment. 

Which of the above statements are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Q. In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities? (2011) 

(a) Commercial Banks  

(b) Cooperative Banks  

(c) Regional Rural Banks  

(d) Microfinance Institutions 

Ans: (a)


Mains:

Q. “In the villages itself no form of credit organisation will be suitable except the cooperative society.” – All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss this statement in the background of agricultural finance in India. What constraints and challenges do financial institutions supplying agricultural finance face? How can technology be used to better reach and serve rural clients? (2014)




Progress on India’s Climate Targets

26-07-2025

For Prelims: Paris Agreement 2015, Carbon Sink, Monoculture, Climate Finance, Lithium-ion, Sodium-ion, Green Hydrogen, Agroforestry, Miyawaki Forests.                     

For Mains: India’s progress on its climate targets and challenges associated with it. Steps needed to further its climate targets. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

India has made remarkable progress on its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement 2015, achieving one of its major targets five years ahead of schedule and nearing completion on the other two.  

Note: The Paris Agreement (2015), adopted at COP21, set the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C. COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) served as a key milestone to review and enhance Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), reinforcing the Paris Agreement's implementation. 

What is the Status of India’s Climate Commitments? 

India’s Initiatives to Achieve Climate Targets 

What Concerns are Associated with India’s Climate Targets? 

What Steps can be Taken to Further India’s Climate Target Goals? 

Conclusion 

India has made significant progress on its climate targets, achieving key milestones ahead of schedule. However, structural challenges in generation, sectoral emissions, finance, and forest sustainability persist. Addressing these will require robust policy action, financial support, and technological innovation to ensure long-term climate resilience and equitable energy transition. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India has achieved its non-fossil fuel capacity target ahead of schedule. Critically examine the challenges that still hinder a full energy transition.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:  

Prelims

Q. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)  

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.  
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.  
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres.  

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)

Q. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017)  

  1. It is an initiative of the European Union.  
  2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.  
  3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q.1 Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)  

Q.2 ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (2017)



MSC Certification for Chilka Lake’s Mud Crab Fishery

26-06-2025

Source: BL

To boost India’s inland fisheries, a joint initiative led by ICAR-CIFRI (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute) and Chilika Development Authority (CDA) aims to secure Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification for Chilika Lake’s mud crab fishery

Chilka_Lake

MSC Certification

State of India’s Fisheries Sector

Read More: Coastal States Fisheries Meet 2025 





Punjab Declares Three Historic Sikh Sites as Holy Cities

25-11-2025

Source: IE

Punjab has passed a resolution to declare the Amritsar Walled City, Anandpur Sahib, and Talwandi Sabo as holy cities, marking a major cultural and governance decision aligned with the 350th martyrdom anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur.

Read more: Guru Tegh Bahadur Prakash Purab



AWS Outage and the Risks of Cloud Centralisation

25-10-2025

For Prelims: Amazon Web Services, Cloud Computing, MeghRaj, National Informatics Centre, National Knowledge Network 

For Mains: Significance of cloud computing for digital governance in India, Risks of centralization in cloud services and systemic vulnerabilities 

 Source: IE 

Why in News?  

 A recent outage at Amazon Web Services (AWS) disrupted over 1,000 global online services, including messaging apps and government portals, highlighting the risks of centralised cloud providers. 

What is Amazon Web Services (AWS)? 

What is Cloud Computing? 

Model 

Definition 

Example 

SaaS (Software as a Service) 

Software delivered over the Internet; no installation or maintenance required. 

Google Docs, Hotmail, Microsoft Office 365 

PaaS (Platform as a Service) 

Platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage apps without managing underlying hardware or OS. 

Google App Engine 

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) 

Virtualized computing resources (servers, storage, networking) provided on-demand. 

Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure 

XaaS (Anything/Everything as a Service) 

Comprehensive model combining multiple cloud services, including software, platforms, and infrastructure. 

Cloud service bundles from major providers 

FaaS (Function as a Service) 

Event-driven serverless computing; runs code only when triggered, no server management required. 

Google Cloud Functions 

 

What is the Significance of Cloud Computing for India? 

How does Cloud Centralisation Risk Digital Sovereignty and Resilience? 

What Measures India can Take to Build Resilient Cloud Infrastructure? 

Conclusion 

Cloud computing powers India’s digital services, but outages like AWS show the risks of centralization. Multi-cloud strategies, domestic data centres, and skilled workforce are key for resilient infrastructure. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Q. Evaluate the challenges and risks associated with centralised cloud providers for critical national infrastructure.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is cloud computing? 

Delivery of IT resources (storage, computing, apps) over the internet without managing physical servers. 

2. What is MeghRaj and its significance in India? 

MeghRaj is India’s national cloud initiative providing scalable Information and Communication Technology  services to government departments, enhancing e-governance and efficient service delivery. 

3. How does cloud computing contribute to financial and social inclusion in India? 

Platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker leverage cloud services to provide accessible, transparent, and scalable services across socio-economic groups. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to "Software as a Service (SaaS)", consider the following statements:  (2022)

  1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and can change data fields. 
  2. SaaS users can access their data through their mobile devices. 
  3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms of SaaS. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: D 



India to Host Commonwealth Games 2030

25-10-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

India is set to host the centenary edition of the Commonwealth Games (CWG) in 2030, with Ahmedabad chosen as the proposed venue, marking a key step in its bid for the 2036 Olympics. 

What are Commonwealth Games? 

 

‘Commonwealth’ 

  • About: It is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal countries, representing a population of 2.7 billion people, with shared goals of development, democracy, and peace. 
  • Historical Genesis: 
    • Imperial Conference (1926): UK and Dominions agreed to be equal members within the British Empire, owing allegiance to the monarch but retaining autonomy. 
    • London Declaration (1949): Established the Modern Commonwealth of Nations, allowing republics and non-British monarchies to join. 
  • Membership: Composed of 56 independent countries, most formerly British colonies. Membership is voluntary, and any country can join; Gabon and Togo joined in 2022. 
  • Values and Governance: It is guided by the Commonwealth Charter, promoting development, democracy, and peace, with the Commonwealth Secretariat in London supporting member states in achieving these goals. 
  • India and the Commonwealth: India is the largest Commonwealth member by population and the 4th largest financial contributor 
    • It has hosted the Commonwealth Summit (1983) and the Commonwealth Games (2010) in New Delhi.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the Commonwealth Games? 

The Commonwealth Games are a quadrennial multi-sport event for athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations and territories, promoting sports, cultural diversity, and unity. 

2. When and where were the first Commonwealth Games held? 

The inaugural Games took place in 1930, Hamilton, Canada, as the British Empire Games. 

3. What is the Commonwealth of Nations? 

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 independent countries, mostly former British colonies, promoting development, democracy, and peace through cooperation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000: (2021)

  1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award.  
  2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far.  
  3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others.  

Which of the above statements are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c) 



Green Hydrogen

25-08-2025

Source: DTE

Why in News? 

A new report has positioned India as a potential global leader in the green hydrogen economy, with the capacity to capture 10% of the worldwide market and export 10 million tonnes annually by 2030.

What is Green Hydrogen (GH2)? 

Types_of_Hydrogen                    

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Green Hydrogen Ecosystem?  

India’s Green Hydrogen journey is hindered by a CAGE that restricts its scaling potential: 

C – Cost Barrier: Early-stage Green Hydrogen costs nearly $4–4.5/kg, much higher than grey hydrogen, limiting competitiveness. 

A – Access to Capital: High upfront investments in electrolysers and renewable capacity deter private players. 

G – Gaps in Infrastructure: Lack of transport pipelines, storage, and refuelling networks slows adoption. 

E – Economic Viability Issues: Delayed carbon pricing mechanism makes fossil fuel-based hydrogen artificially cheaper, undercutting Green Hydrogen. 

What Measures can India Adopt to Boost Green Hydrogen Adoption?  

To break free from the CAGE, India must step on the POWER pedal: 

P – Pricing Carbon: Accelerating the introduction of a carbon tax/market mechanism to level the field with fossil fuels. 

O – Obligation Mandates: Enforce Green Hydrogen Purchase Obligations in hard-to-abate sectors (steel, fertilisers, refining). 

W – Widen Infrastructure Base: Build electrolyser capacity, storage, transport pipelines, and export corridors with partners like EU, Japan, S. Korea. 

E – Economic Reallocation: Shift subsidies from fossil fuels to GH2, and provide tax incentives & viability gap funding. 

R – Risk Pooling through Demand Aggregation: Create pooled procurement platforms with payment security mechanisms to ensure bankable contracts and competitive pricing. 

Keywords for Mains  

Green_Hydrogen



UN High Commissioner for Refugees

25-08-2025

Source: TH

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has temporarily suspended voluntary repatriation of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees from India after arrests of returnees in Sri Lanka. 

Read More: Refugees and Ethics 


Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India

25-07-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 , Goods and Services Tax, Smart Cities Mission 

For Mains: Urban climate risks and resilience strategies in India, Challenges of urban planning and sustainable development in India 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

A World Bank report, in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, titled "Towards Resilient and Prosperous Cities in India", forecasts that by 2030, Indian cities will generate 70% of new employment but will face risks from flooding and extreme heat, urging the need for greater autonomy and climate-resilient planning. 

What are the Key Climate Risks Impacting Indian Cities? 

Urban_Heat_ Island 

What are the Challenges of Urban Autonomy in Enhancing Climate Resilience? 

What are the Key Strategies for Ensuring Climate Resilience in Indian Cities? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Indian cities are at the frontline of climate change. Discuss the key risks and evaluate India’s approach to building urban climate resilience. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)




One Stop Centres Scheme

25-07-2025

Source: HT 

Why in News? 

The Delhi High Court issued multiple directions to the Delhi government concerning the poor condition of One Stop Centres (OSCs) set up under the One Stop Centre scheme to aid women affected by violence.  

What is One Stop Centres Scheme? 

What was the Need of OSC Guidelines? 

What Directions Did the Delhi High Court Issue? 

Note: The above issues were previously highlighted in the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Public Health Infrastructure and Management of Health Services for the Government of NCT of Delhi. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of One Stop Centres (OSCs) in addressing gender-based violence in India. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)



DHRUVA Policy

25-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The Department of Posts has introduced DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) Policy, a geo-coded digital address system to revolutionize governance, logistics, and service delivery in India. 

DHRUVA Policy 

Read More: Post Office Act 2023 


Womaniya Initiative

24-11-2025

Source: PIB

The Government e-Marketplace (GeM), and UN Women have signed an MoU under the Womaniya initiative to boost women entrepreneurs’ participation in public procurement and advancing SDG 5 (Gender Equality).

Womaniya Initiative

GeM

Read More: GeM’s 8th Incorporation Day



Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025

24-10-2025

Source: PIB

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh released the Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025, effective from 1st November 2025, to simplify procedures, ensure uniformity, and boost Armed Forces’ operational preparedness.

Read more: Reviewing Defence Procurement Procedure



Global Innovation Index 2025

24-09-2025

For Prelims: World Intellectual Property Organization, Global Innovation Index, Intellectual Property, Fund of Funds for Startups, National Semiconductor Mission, IndiaAI Mission, Atal Tinkering Labs.                               

For Mains: Performance of India in Global Innovation Index 2025, challenges associated with India’s innovation ecosystem and ways to address them.

Source: ET  

Why in News?

India has climbed to the 38th position among 139 economies in the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025, improving from 48th place in 2020.

Global Innovation Index

What are the Key Highlights of the GII 2025?

What is the Current Status of India’s Innovation Landscape?

What are the Barriers to India’s Innovation Ecosystem?

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India's Innovation Ecosystem?

Conclusion

India’s innovation ecosystem has advanced significantly, reaching 38th in GII 2025 and topping lower-middle-income economies. While strategic policies have driven this rise, challenges remain in R&D funding, industry-academia collaboration, and private sector investment. Sustaining growth will require increasing GERD, promoting deep-tech, and building synergistic ecosystems to evolve from a startup hub into a global innovation leader.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically evaluate the barriers in India’s innovation ecosystem and suggest reforms to enhance deep-tech research and commercialization.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

 Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)



Unified Payments Interface

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a note titled Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability,  emphasizing the role of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in transforming India's digital payment ecosystem. 

What is Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? 

How Has UPI Transformed India’s Digital Payment Ecosystem? 

Digital Foundation Behind UPI 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account. 
  2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the ‘Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (2017) 

(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. 
(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. 
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. 
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective. 

Ans: (a) 

Q3. Consider the following statements: (2017) 

  1. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) helps in promoting the financial inclusion in the country. 
  2. NPCI has launched RuPay, a card payment scheme. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



Bharat NCX 2025

24-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Bharat NCX 2025, India’s premier national cybersecurity exercise ( 21st July– 1st August, 2025), was inaugurated with the theme ‘Enhancing the Operational Preparedness of Indian Cyberspace’. 

Read More: Global Cybersecurity Outlook 2025 


Limits of Household Stability

24-01-2026

For Prelims: Union BudgetReserve Bank of IndiaForeign Portfolio InvestmentConsumer Price Index (CPI) 

For Mains: Household savings and debt trends in India, Role of private consumption in India’s growth model, Fiscal consolidation versus welfare expenditure

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

As the Union Budget 2026 approaches, India’s macroeconomic indicators present a picture of aggregate stability and relative strength amidst global uncertainty.  

Summary 

What are the Concerns Regarding the Household Stability?

What are the Implications of Volatile Household Savings? 

What Steps are Needed to Improve the Household Savings? 

Conclusion 

Stability that depends on households taking out loans to maintain demand is not self-sustaining. As the Union Budget 2026 approaches, the key fiscal task is to restore balance in the household budgeting calculus to ensure that India’s growth story is both inclusive and resilient. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How does declining household savings affect macroeconomic stability and external sector sustainability in India?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Why are household savings in India considered unstable? 
Net financial savings have become volatile, falling to 3–4% of GDP in some quarters, weakening households’ ability to absorb income and employment shocks. 

2. Why is rising household debt a concern despite moderate debt-to-GDP levels? 
Debt growth is driven by uneven income growth and unsecured credit, making repayment vulnerable to interest-rate hikes and economic slowdowns. 

3. How does debt-financed consumption impact India’s growth model? 
With private consumption forming nearly 60% of GDP, reliance on credit increases the risk of abrupt demand contraction during stress periods. 

4. What risks does unsecured retail credit pose to banks? 
Unsecured loans are high-interest and first-loss assets, directly impacting bank balance sheets during economic downturns. 

Mains

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



India’s Power Sector Milestones 2025

24-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The year 2025 proved to be a landmark period for the Ministry of Power, as India’s power sector achieved record milestones, establishing a strong foundation for sustainable growth and enhanced energy security. 

What are the Key Achievements of the Ministry of Power in the Year 2025? 

India_Energy_Mix

India_Climate_Goals

Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) 

Carbon_Trading

Conclusion 

In 2025, India's power sector achieved transformative milestones in reliabilitycapacity (509.7 GW)renewables (178 GW), and reforms, dramatically reducing deficits and advancing its NDC target, thereby solidifying its path towards sustainable energy security and a robust green economy.

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the role of the Indian Carbon Market and the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) in driving industrial decarbonization and positioning India in the global green finance landscape.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What was India’s peak power demand met in FY 2025–26? 
India successfully met a record 242.49 GW peak demand, with energy shortages reduced to 0.03%. 

2. How much total installed power capacity did India achieve by 2025? 
Installed capacity reached 509.743 GW, more than doubling since 2014. 

3. What is the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)? 
The CCTS is a market-based mechanism designed to decarbonize the Indian economy by pricing GHG emissions and facilitating a national carbon trading system. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a Public Limited Government Company.    
  2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company.    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only    

(b) 2 only    

(c) Both 1 and 2    

(d) Neither 1 nor 2    

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)



INSV Kaundinya Reached Oman

24-01-2026

Source: PIB 

INSV Kaundinya reached Muscat’s Port Sultan Qaboos after completing its maiden voyage from Porbandar (Gujarat), highlighting the shared maritime heritage of India and Oman. 

INSV Kaundinya 

INSV Kaundinya

Read More: INSV Kaundinya 


CAG Report on the Fiscal Health of States

23-09-2025

Source:IE

Why in News?

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) released its first decadal analysis on the fiscal health of 28 Indian states, showing that their public debt (internal borrowings plus loans from the Centre) has tripled in 10 years, reaching Rs 59.6 lakh crore in FY 2022-23, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability.

What are the Key Findings of the CAG Report on States’ Fiscal Health?

What are the Reasons for High State Debt in India?

What are the Implications of Rising State Public Debt in India?

How can States Reduce Debt Burden while Maintaining Fiscal Health?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. In the context of rising state debt in India, discuss the importance of strengthening public financial management.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
  2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
  3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government’s consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C


Mains:

Q. Public expenditure management is a challenge to the Government of India in the context of budget-making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (2019)



Towards Drug Free India

23-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India is grappling with an escalating drug abuse crisis. The Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan was launched to address this issue and has now completed five years of implementation. 

Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan 

Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiya 

Prevalence of Drug Abuse in India 

Drug Usage in India 

2 Major Drug-Producing Regions in World  

Drug-Producing Regions in World

What are the Key Challenges in Drug Control India? 

What Measures Should be Taken to Eradicate Drug Abuse in India? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019)  

  1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.  
  2. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.  
  3. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.  
  4. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.   

Which of the statements given above is correct?  

(a) 1 and 3 only   

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c) 


Mains: 

Q. India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)



Kerala ‘First’ Digitally Literate State in India

23-08-2025

Source: IE 

Kerala has been declared the first fully digitally literate state in India, marking a milestone in bridging the digital divide through the Digi Keralam Project. 

Digital Literacy in India 

Read more: Right to Internet Access and Digital Literacy 


Death of Cheetah at Kuno National Park

23-07-2025

Source: TH 

An 8-year-old Namibian female cheetah, Nabha, died at Kuno National Park (KNP) in Madhya Pradesh due to injuries sustained during a likely hunting attempt. 

Cheetah

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


Supreme Court Verdict on DTAA

23-01-2026

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) has ruled that Tiger Global’s USD 1.6-billion stake sale in Flipkart to Walmart (2018) is taxable in India, denying the benefits of the India–Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) and enforcing the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR).

What are the Key Facts of the Tiger Global Case? 

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 

DTAA

General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What did the Supreme Court decide in the Tiger Global–Flipkart case? 
The SC held that Tiger Global’s USD 1.6-billion Flipkart stake sale (2018) is taxable in India, denying India–Mauritius DTAA benefits. 

2. What is ‘grandfathering’ under the India–Mauritius DTAA? 
It protected capital gains from investments made before April 1, 2017, taxing them only in Mauritius (0% in India), subject to anti-abuse scrutiny. 

3. How does GAAR affect tax treaties in India? 
GAAR overrides tax treaties, allowing authorities to deny DTAA benefits if an arrangement’s primary purpose is tax avoidance. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Q. Which one of the following effects of creation of black money in India has been the main cause of worry to the Government of India? (2021)

(a) Diversion of resources to the purchase of real estate and investment in luxury housing. 

(b) Investment in unproductive activities and purchase of precious stones, jewellery, gold, etc. 

(c) Large donations to political parties and growth of regionalism. 

(d) Loss of revenue to the State Exchequer due to tax evasion. 

Ans: (d) 

Q. With reference to India’s decision to levy an equalization tax of 6% on online advertisement services offered by non-resident entities, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2018)

  1. It is introduced as a part of the Income Tax Act. 
  2. Non-resident entities that offer advertisement services in India can claim a tax credit in their home country under the “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements”. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (d) 



SC to Examine Whether ED is a ‘Juristic Person’

23-01-2026

Source: TH 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has agreed to examine petitions filed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala seeking clarity on whether the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) is a ‘juristic person’ entitled to approach High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution. 

Role of Article 226 of the Indian Constitution 

Read more: Writ Jurisdiction and the State 


India's LFPR Hits Record 56.1% in 2025

23-01-2026

Source: IE 

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – December 2025 shows a consistent recovery with workforce participation reaching yearly highs while unemployment rates remain broadly stable. 

Key Highlights 

PLFS

Read More: Periodic Labour Force Survey 2024 


Bureau of Port Security

22-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Government of India has decided to set up a dedicated statutory body, the Bureau of Port Security (BoPS), to ensure comprehensive and risk-based security of ports and vessels across India. 

Read more: One Nation–One Port Process (ONOP) 


Gaps in Juvenile Justice System in India

22-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

A first-of-its-kind study by the India Justice Report (IJR), titled Juvenile Justice and Children in Conflict with the Law, highlights significant challenges in India’s juvenile justice system, delaying justice for children in conflict with the law.

What are the Critical Gaps Highlighted by the India Justice Report in the Juvenile Justice System?

What is the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015?

What Measures are Needed to Reform the Juvenile Justice System in India?

Conclusion

A decade after its enactment, systemic failures like high pendency, infrastructural gaps, and a lack of data transparency are crippling the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, undermining its child-centric vision.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, was a paradigm shift from a welfare-based to a rights-based approach. Critically examine the challenges that hinder the realization of its objectives.

 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the primary function of a Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)?

JJBs, constituted under Section 4 of the JJ Act, 2015, are the principal authorities for handling all cases of children in conflict with law, focusing on rehabilitation and ensuring a child-friendly judicial process.

2. What was the overall pendency rate reported by the IJR for JJB cases?

The IJR found 55% pendency in cases before Juvenile Justice Boards (as of 31 October 2023), with wide state variation (Odisha 83%, Karnataka 35%).

3.What are the main institutional deficits highlighted by the IJR?

Key deficits include 24% of JJBs not fully constituted, 30% lacking legal services clinics, staff vacancies in CCIs, and weak inter-agency coordination and data-sharing.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:

  1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India. 
  2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2021)  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither I nor 2  

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (2021)

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)



First-ever Individual Entitlement Survey for PVTGs

22-11-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?

The Centre is set to conduct the first-ever 'Individual Entitlement Survey' of 10 lakh Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) households to assess the reach of 39 government schemes at the grassroots level.

What is an Individual Entitlement Survey?

What is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)?

What are Key India’s Initiatives Related to PVTGs?

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

1. What is the purpose of the 'Individual Entitlement Survey'?

The survey aims to assess the reach of 39 government schemes and identify coverage gaps for 10 lakh PVTG households.

2. Which government schemes are being tracked in the survey? The survey tracks 39 schemes, including MGNREGS, social security for unorganised workers, and financial assistance for meritorious Scheduled Tribe students.

3. What is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)? 

PVTGs is a sub-classification of Scheduled Tribes that are more vulnerable than regular Scheduled Tribes due to their limited access to education, healthcare, and modern infrastructure.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q.1 Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1, 2 and 3
  2. 2, 3 and 4
  3. 1, 2 and 4
  4. 1, 3 and 4

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)



Compensation Portal for FASTag Annual Pass Scheme

22-10-2025

Source: ET 

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has introduced a compensation portal designed to enhance toll operations.  

RFID

Read more: All About the FASTag 


India’s Digital Public Platforms (DPPs)

22-10-2025

Source: BL 

The RBI Governor highlighted India’s vision to make digital innovations such as UPI and Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP) global public goods, reaffirming the country’s commitment to international collaboration on Digital Public Platforms (DPPs). 

DPPs

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) 


Reforming the PDS in India

22-09-2025

For Prelims: World Bank, Public Distribution System, Food Corporation of India , Poshan Abhiyaan

For Mains: Food Security in India: Public Distribution System (PDS) and reforms, Nutrition and Hidden Hunger

Source:TH

Why in News?

A recent study by Crisil using a ‘thali index’ shows that up to 50% of rural and 20% of urban Indians cannot afford two balanced meals a day, revealing widespread food deprivation.This contrasts with the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Brief, based on the 2024 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey, which claims extreme poverty fell from 16.2% in 2011-12 to 2.3% in 2022-23.

Even with Public Distribution System (PDS) support, food deprivation remained 40% in rural and 10% in urban areas, revealing deeper food insecurity than income-based poverty estimates.

Thali Index

Why is the Need to Restructure the PDS to Promote Equity in Primary Food Consumption?

Poverty Committees in India Based on Consumption

What Challenges Exist in Implementing Nutrition-sensitive PDS?

How can the PDS be Reformed to Ensure Equitable & Nutritious Food Access?

Conclusion

A reformed, nutrition-focused PDS is essential to bridge India’s hidden hunger gap. Strategic targeting, fiscal prudence, and dietary diversity must guide future interventions. Equity in food access is not just about distribution, it's about delivering dignity through nutrition.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite near-universal calorie sufficiency, India faces serious nutritional inequality. Critically examine the need to reform the Public Distribution System (PDS) and propose a brief roadmap for implementation.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? (2017)

  1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
  2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
  3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
  4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

(d) 3 and 4 only 

 Ans: (a)


Q. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.  
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.  
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 3 only  

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q: Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)



Manual Scavenging in India

22-09-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India,  NAMASTE, Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge , Swachhta Abhiyan App, National Commission for Safai Karamchari

For Mains: Key challenges faced by manual scavengers and steps taken to address them. Additional measures needed to end manual scavenging.

Source:TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has fined Delhi’s Public Works Department (PWD) Rs 5 lakh after labourers were found cleaning sewers outside its premises without protective gear. 

What are the SC’s Directives in Dr. Balram Singh v/s Union of India, 2023 Case?

What is Manual Scavenging?

What are India’s Initiatives to Curb Manual Scavenging? 

What are the Major Challenges Faced by Manual Scavengers?

What Measures can be Taken to End Manual Scavenging in India?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Critically examine the challenges in eliminating manual scavenging in India despite the existence of legal safeguards.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to (2016)  

(a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood  

(b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood  

(c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers  

(d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018) 

Q. “To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing the water,sanitation and hygiene needs the identification of the beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with anticipated outcomes.” Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (2017)



Silver Economy

22-08-2025

For Prelims: Silver economy, United Nations Population Fund, Atal Pension Yojana, SACRED Portal  

For Mains: Demographic shifts and their socio-economic impact in India, Silver economy significance, and growth drivers in India.

Source: FE 

Why in News?

World Senior Citizen Day is celebrated every year on 21st August to acknowledge the contributions of senior citizens, raise awareness about the challenges they face globally, and highlight the growing importance of the silver economy.

Note: World Senior Citizen Day began in 1988 when US President Reagan designated 21st August to honor seniors and promote supportive policies. 

What is the Silver Economy? 

What are the Challenges in India’s Silver Economy? 

Challenges_in_India’s_Silver_Economy

What Reforms are Needed to Strengthen India’s Silver Economy? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

The silver economy presents a significant opportunity for India. Discuss the growth drivers and the challenges in harnessing this potential.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements with reference to Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): (2008)

  1. All persons of 60 years or above belonging to the households below poverty line in rural areas are eligible. 
  2. The Central Assistance under this Scheme is at the rate of `300 per month per beneficiary. Under the Scheme, States have been urged to give matching amounts. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: D 

Mains:

Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to the absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of the policy process. Discuss. (2019)




Nepal Declared Rubella-Free

22-08-2025

Source: WHO 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Nepal rubella-free, making it the first country in WHO’s South-East Asia Region to achieve this milestone. 

Rubella

India’s Progress Towards Rubella Elimination 

Read More: Measles and Rubella, National Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination Campaign   


National Conference on Good Governance Practices

22-07-2025

Source: PIB 

The National Conference on Good Governance Practices was held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, jointly organized by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) and the Odisha government, with a focus on governance innovation and grassroots impact. 

Read more: Decoding Good Governance 



Global Wetland Outlook 2025

22-07-2025

For Prelims: Ramsar Convention, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Sustainable Development Goals 

For Mains: Ramsar Convention and India’s commitments, Role of wetlands in achieving SDGs 

Source: DTE 

Why in News?

The Global Wetland Outlook (GWO) 2025, released by the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention (1971), highlights that Africa’s wetlands are among the most degraded in the world 

Note: The Ramsar Convention Secretariat is based in Gland, Switzerland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) supports its operations by providing administrative services to the Convention’s member countries. 

What are the Key Takeaways from Global Wetland Outlook 2025? 

What are Wetlands? 

Wetlands

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the ecological and economic importance of wetlands. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference   

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland   

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed   

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’  

Ans: (a)



Demographic Winter and India’s Narrowing Demographic Dividend

22-01-2026

For Prelims: Demographic winterTotal Fertility Rate Care economy, Silver Economy 

For Mains: Demographic transition and its economic implications, Demographic dividend vs demographic burden 

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

China’s population declined for the fourth consecutive year in 2025, falling by 3.39 million to 1.405 billion, with births hitting a historic low of 7.92 million, signalling a deepening demographic winter. 

Summary 

What is Demographic Winter?

Implications of Demographic Winter 

Total Fertility Rate and Replacement Level  

What is India’s Demographic Scenario?

Population Policy and Measures in India

India was the first country to launch a National Family Planning Programme in 1952Since then, its approach has evolved from clinic-based targets to a voluntary, rights-based model focused on reproductive health, women’s empowerment, and informed choice rather than coercion. 

What are the Challenges Facing India’s Demographic Double-Edged Sword? 

What Steps Must India Adopt to Convert its ‘Demographic Potential’ into ‘Economic Power’?

Conclusion 

The next 25 years the "Amrit Kaal"  is India's "Make or Break" moment. Time will determine whether India emulates the growth story of East Asian Tigers or falls into the "Middle-Income Trap." The key lies not in the number of people, but in the quality of human capital. As the saying goes, "Demography provides the opportunity, but policy delivers the dividend." 

Drishti Mains Question:

“Demography is destiny, but it is not a guarantee.”How can India avoid the ‘middle-income trap’ and convert its ‘youth bulge’ into a sustained geopolitical advantage?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is meant by ‘Demographic Winter’?
Demographic winter refers to long-term population decline caused by persistently low fertility rates below replacement level, leading to ageing, labour shortages, and rising dependency ratios.

2. Why is China experiencing a demographic winter?
China’s demographic winter is driven by the legacy of the one-child policy, high cost of living, declining marriages, and changing social attitudes likeTang Ping. 

3. What is India’s current Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
India’s national TFR has declined to 1.9 (SRS 2023), below replacement level, with rural India touching 2.1 and urban India at 1.5.

4. Why is India’s demographic dividend considered a double-edged sword?
While India has a large youth population, jobless growth, skill mismatch, AI-led disruption, and low female workforce participation risk turning the dividend into a demographic burden.

5. What key steps are needed to convert India’s demographic potential into economic power?
India must focus on Industry 4.0–aligned skilling, labour-intensive manufacturing, women-led development, migration portability, silver economy planning, and global skill corridors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q1. ‘’Empowering women is the key to control the population growth.’’ Discuss. (2019)  

Q2. Critically examine the effect of globalization on the aged population in India. (2013)  

Q3. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021)



Threat to Dugong Population in India

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

A recent report launched at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi highlights the growing threat to the dugong population in India.

What are Dugongs?

What are the Challenges and Conservation Measures for the Dugong Population?

Challenges

Conservation Measures

Seagrass

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs)

1: What are dugongs and where are they found in India?

Dugongs are marine mammals found in the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar–Palk Bay, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2: What are the major threats to the dugong population in India?

Major threats include population decline, pollution, slow reproduction, habitat loss, and climate change.

3: How do dugongs contribute to the ecosystem and economy?

Dugongs maintain seagrass meadows, which support marine life, aid carbon sequestration, and contribute Rs 2 crore annually in fish production.

4: What conservation measures are being implemented to protect dugongs in India?

Conservation measures include protecting seagrass, regulating fishing, community involvement, and increasing research.

5: What is the importance of seagrass for dugong conservation?

Seagrass provides food and habitat for dugongs, stabilizes the seafloor, and supports marine biodiversity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a herbivorous marine animal.
  2. It is found along the entire coast of India.
  3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act; 1972.

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(A) 1 and 2 only

(B) 2 and 3 only

(C) 1 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: C



Digital Initiatives to Modernize Public Distribution System (PDS)

21-11-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution has launched a series of digital initiatives aimed at modernizing the Public Distribution System (PDS), improving supply chain efficiency, and enhancing transparency in food storage and logistics.

What are the Digital Initiatives Aimed at Modernizing the PDS?

What is the Public Distribution System (PDS)?

What are the Challenges Concerning PDS in India?

Mnemonic - FAIL

What Reforms are Required to Improve the Efficiency of PDS?

Mnemonic - GROW

Conclusion

The recent digital reforms in PDS mark a significant shift towards a modern, data-driven system. Sustained focus on last-mile delivery and nutritional diversification is crucial for ensuring genuine food security.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. What challenges hinder PDS last-mile delivery, and how can food basket and nutrition reforms enhance food security and reduce malnutrition?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Bhandaran 360?

It is an ERP platform by CWC integrating 41 modules and 35 external systems for real-time warehousing, predictive analytics, and supply chain efficiency.

2. Who are the primary beneficiaries of PDS?

Priority Households (PHH) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) families receive subsidized foodgrains under the National Food Security Act, 2013.

3. How does ASHA improve PDS transparency?

ASHA is an AI-driven feedback system that collects beneficiary grievances via automated calls, performs sentiment analysis, and provides real-time dashboards for decision-making.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 
  2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 
  3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Q.2 With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements: (2018) 

  1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidized food grains. 
  2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card. 
  3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 3 only 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q.1 In what way could replacement of price subsidy with Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) change the scenario of subsidies in India? Discuss. (2015)



PMFBY Expansion to Cover Wildlife Damage and Paddy Inundation

21-11-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has announced that the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) will now cover crop losses due to wild animal attacks and paddy inundation from the Kharif season 2026

What is the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is PMFBY?

PMFBY is a central sector scheme providing financial protection to farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, pests, and diseases.

2. Who is eligible for PMFBY coverage?

All farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers cultivating notified crops in designated areas, with participation being voluntary.

3. What recent changes are being introduced in PMFBY from Kharif 2026?

Inclusion of wild animal attacks as localised risk and reintroduction of paddy inundation cover to enhance protection for farmers in vulnerable areas.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Q. With reference to ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’, consider the following statements: (2016) 

  1. Under this scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two percent for any crop they cultivate in any season of the year. 
  2. This scheme covers post-harvest losses arising out of cyclones and unseasonal rains. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (b)



SC Recalls Verdict Blocking Retrospective Environmental Clearances

21-11-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court of India, Environmental Clearances, Environmental Impact Assessment, PARIVESH

For Mains: Judicial Review and Environmental Governance in India, Precautionary Principle vs. Developmental Imperatives

Source: TH

Why in News? 

In a 2:1 ruling, the Supreme Court of India struck down the 2025 Vanashakti judgment banning ex post facto or retrospective Environmental Clearances (ECs), stating that its continuation would cause “devastating” consequences and put thousands of crores of public investment at risk.

What are Ex Post Facto Environmental Clearances?

Why did the SC Recall the 2025 Vanashakti Judgment on Ex Post Facto Environmental Clearances?

Dissenting View : Justice Ujjal Bhuyan argued that the recall dilutes the precautionary principle and rewards violators, calling ex post facto ECs “an anathema” to environmental jurisprudence and rooted in Article 21 (right to a clean and healthy environment) and Article 51A(g) (duty to protect the natural environment). However, the majority view ultimately prevailed.

SC’s Power to Review its Own Judgments (Article 137)

What is Environmental Clearance (EC) in India?

How can India Effectively Balance Environmental Protection with Developmental Needs?

Conclusion

The recall of the Vanashakti judgment shows the need for a balanced approach that enforces compliance without derailing vital public projects. Going forward, transparent EC processes, strict penalties, and community participation will be key to achieving truly sustainable development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the role of the precautionary principle and the polluter-pays principle in India’s environmental jurisprudence.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are ex post facto environmental clearances (ECs)?

Ex post facto ECs are approvals granted after a project has already begun without mandatory prior clearance

2. Which laws govern ECs in India?

Environmental Clearance is governed by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notifications (1994, 2006).

3. What practical reforms can reduce reliance on retrospective clearances?

Streamline prior EC processes, strengthen satellite and digital monitoring (PARIVESH/GIS), mandate environmental restoration bonds, enhance timely public hearings, and enforce strict polluter-pays penalties to deter illegal starts.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission from the President of India.
  2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgment, as the Supreme Court does.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 only 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: C


Mains

Q. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before the project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal- fired thermal plants located at Pitheads. (2013)

Q. How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (2020)



Tiger Returns to Gujarat After Three Decades

21-11-2025

Source: IE

A tiger has been officially spotted in Gujarat's Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), marking the first confirmed sighting of the species in the state since it was declared extinct in 1989.

Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary

Read More: International Tiger Day 2025



United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management(UN-GGIM)

21-10-2025

Source: PIB 

India has been elected as the Co-Chair of the United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management for Asia and the Pacific (UN-GGIM-AP) for the 2025–2028 term. 

UN-GGIM 

Read more: United Nations World Geospatial Information Congress 


OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034

21-07-2025

For Prelims: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Food and Agriculture Organization, Biofuels, Ethanol 

For Mains: Food Security vs. Biofuel Production, Impact of biofuel policies on food systems, Agricultural productivity  

Source: DTE 

Why in News? 

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034 report, offers a 10-year outlook on global agricultural and fish markets to guide evidence-based policymaking. 

What are the Global Market Trends According to OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034? 

How does the Rising Demand for Biofuels Impact Global Food Security? 

How Can Sustainable Biofuel and Food Security Policies Be Ensured? 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss how the rising global demand for biofuels is creating trade-offs between food security.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)    

Prelims

Q. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (2010)

(a) Jatropha    

(b) Maize    

(c) Pongamia    

(d) Sunflower    

Ans: (b)    

Q. According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)

  1. Cassava    
  2. Damaged wheat grains    
  3. Groundnut seeds    
  4. Horse gram    
  5. Rotten potatoes    
  6. Sugar beet    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:    

(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only    

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only    

(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6    

Ans: (a)



FRA Cells Setup to Facilitate Forest Right Act

21-06-2025

For Prelims: Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, Forest-Dwellers, Minor Forest Produce (MFP), Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (FCA) 

For Mains: Significance & Challenges Related to District-Level Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells, Forest Rights Act, Challenges and Measures.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs, under the has sanctioned the setting up of 324 district-level Forest Rights Act (FRA) cells across 18 States/UTs to facilitate the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 under Dharti Aba Janjati Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA). 

What are District-Level Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells? 

What is the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006? 

What is the Significance of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006? 

More on Forest Rights Act, 2006 

What are the Key Challenges Related to Implementation of the Forest Rights Act, 2006? 

Click to Read: Key Challenges Related to Implementation of the FRA 2006 

What Steps Should be Taken for Strengthening Forest Rights Act Implementation? 

Click to Read: Steps for Strengthening Forest Rights Act Implementation 

 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the legal and administrative implications of creating FRA Cells under a Central scheme when the Forest Rights Act, 2006 mandates State-led implementation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

(a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change  
(b) Ministry of Panchayati Raj  
(c) Ministry of Rural Development  
(d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs  

Ans: (d)  

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas.  
  2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce.  
  3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



Ban on Illegal Betting & Gambling Sites

21-01-2026

Source: TH 

Recently, the Union Government blocked 242 illegal betting and gambling websites, taking the total blocked under this category to 7,800, following the ban on real-money online gaming under the  Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025. 

Online Gambling 

Read more: Regulating India’s Online Gaming Industry 


Towards Long-Term Clean-Air Strategy

20-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court India told the Centre that enforcing a perennial Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)  across the year is not practical for the National Capital Region (NCR) air pollution and stressed the need for a long-term pollution strategy.

How Effective is GRAP in Tackling Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis?

Short-Term Effectiveness

Long-Term Limitations

Supreme Court’s Stance on Enforcing GRAP

Click here to Read: Main Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi During Winters

How did China Deal with its ‘Airpocalypse’?

How is India’s Approach in Tackling Air Pollution Different from China’s?

What Long-term Clean Air Strategies can India Realistically Learn from China?

Conclusion

Delhi’s pollution crisis needs long-term, steady action rather than seasonal curbs like GRAP. India must adapt consistent enforcement, cleaner mobility, and strong accountability to its own needs while protecting livelihoods and ensuring a coordinated, year-round effort.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the measures required to scale up clean mobility in Indian cities and the likely socio-economic impacts.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is GRAP and why is it criticised?

GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) is a trigger-based set of measures for the NCR activated at high AQI levels; it is criticised for being seasonal and reactive rather than part of a continuous, structural air quality strategy.

2. Why did the Supreme Court reject year-round GRAP?

The Court said a year-round GRAP would impose harsh, prolonged restrictions harming migrant labour, daily wagers and construction workers, and urged a multi-year plan that safeguards livelihoods while reducing pollution.

3. What concrete lessons does China offer for India?

Key lessons include continuous enforcement, strong accountability (linking official performance to air targets), large investments in pollution control, and rapid deployment of electric buses and cleaner heating systems.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)


Q. Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of

A. silver iodide and potassium iodide

B. silver nitrate and potassium iodide

C. silver iodide and potassium nitrate

D. silver nitrate and potassium chloride

Ans: A


Mains:

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country, but the air pollution is a much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)

Q. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021)



Efficient Water Management in Agriculture

20-11-2025

For Prelims: National Water Awards, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari (JSJB) Awards, Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari initiative, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things

For Mains: Groundwater depletion, salinity, and irrigation inefficiencies in India, Whole-of-Government and Whole-of-Society approach in water management

Source: IE

Why in News? 

At the 6th National Water Awards, President Droupadi Murmu urged urgent innovation in agricultural water use, reminding the country that water is a sacred and finite national resource. 

What are the National Water Awards?

What is the Need for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture?

What Innovative Measures Can Support India’s Long-Term Water Security?

Conclusion

India’s water future depends on how wisely and efficiently every drop is used. By combining technology, community leadership and sustainable farming practices, the country can rebuild its fragile water systems. With timely innovation and collective effort, long-term water security can shift from a looming challenge to an achievable reality.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the need for innovation in agricultural water use in the context of India’s groundwater depletion.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the purpose of the National Water Awards?

They recognise innovation and leadership in water conservation, supporting the vision of Jal Samridh Bharat and encouraging efficient water use, recharge and community participation.

2. What  isJal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari initiative?

It promotes large-scale community-led groundwater recharge through the 3Cs model—Community, CSR and Cost—resulting in 35 lakh recharge structures, far exceeding targets.

3. Why does India need innovation in agricultural water use?

Because traditional irrigation causes 40% water loss, groundwater is over-extracted, micro-irrigation adoption is low and climate change is making monsoons unpredictable.

4. What targets were set under the JSJB initiative?

Districts were tasked with 10,000 recharge structures (3,000 in NE/Hilly areas), Municipal Corporations with 10,000, and Urban Local Bodies with at least 2,000 structures.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q1. With reference to ‘Water Credit’, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector.   
  2. It is a global initiative launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the World Bank.   
  3. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.   

Which of the statements given above are correct?  

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)


Q2. What are the benefits of implementing the ‘Integrated Watershed Development Programme’? (2014)  

  1. Prevention of soil runoff  
  2. Linking the country’s perennial rivers with seasonal rivers  
  3. Rainwater harvesting and recharge of groundwater table  
  4. Regeneration of natural vegetation  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 and 2 only   

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q.1 What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (2020)

Q.2 Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under the depleting scenario. (2020)



Curbing Fake News in India

20-09-2025

For Prelims: Right to information,Article 19, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre

For Mains: Regulatory frameworks for digital media in India, Challenges and implications of fake news for democracy and public order

Source:TH

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology in the Parliament has proposed several measures aimed at curbing the spread of ‘fake news’ and misinformation, highlighting the potential harm such content can cause to public order and democratic processes.

What are the Key Recommendations to Curb Fake News?

What is the Need to Curb Fake News?

What are the Challenges in Regulating Fake News?

What are India’s Initiatives to Prevent Spread of Fake News?

What Robust Mechanism can Strengthen Fake News Regulation in India?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine how India can balance freedom of speech and regulation of misinformation in the digital age.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. What do you understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (2014)



NE-SPARKS

20-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Union Minister of Development of North Eastern Region interacted with school students from the North Eastern Region (NER) who participated in the NE-SPARKS program.

NE-SPARKS

Read More: Northeast India From Frontier to Frontrunner



Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme

20-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Recently, the Government has released performance outcomes of the Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme, highlighting large enrolment, shared wafer runs, student-designed chips and patent generation.

What is the Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme? 

Semiconductors

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme? 
The C2S Programme is a MeitY initiative launched in 2022 to build semiconductor design capacity in Indian academic institutions and start-ups. 

2. What are the main objectives of C2S? 
The programme aims to train skilled semiconductor professionals, support start-ups and technology transfers, and promote patents and research in chip design. 

3. What is the ChipIN Centre? 
The ChipIN Centre at C-DAC Bengaluru is a national shared design facility providing tools, IP libraries, mentoring and fabrication aggregation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser   

(b) Gas laser  

(c) Semiconductor laser  

(d) Excimer laser  

Ans: (c)  

Q. With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.  
  2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d) 



Revisiting Gender Neutrality in POCSO Act, 2012

19-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Supreme Court issued notice in a case where a woman is accused of ‘penetrative sexual assault’ on a minor boy under Section 3 of the POCSO Act, 2012

What is the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012?

Does the POCSO Act, 2012 Uphold Gender Neutrality?

How can India Ensure Balanced Legal and Policy Frameworks for Child Protection?

Conclusion

The POCSO Act, 2012 is gender-neutral, protecting all children from sexual abuse, harassment, and exploitation. Its provisions, intent, and judicial interpretation allow prosecution of offenders of any gender, ensuring justice and comprehensive child protection.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the significance of the POCSO Act, 2012 in safeguarding children from sexual offences in India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the POCSO Act, 2012?

It is a gender-neutral law enacted to protect children under 18 from sexual abuse, harassment, and exploitation, with provisions for Special Courts and child-friendly trials.

2. Is the POCSO Act applicable to female offenders?

Yes, statutory interpretation and legislative intent confirm gender neutrality, allowing prosecution of both male and female perpetrators.

3. How does the Act ensure speedy and child-friendly trials?

Evidence recording within 30 days, trial completion within 1 year, in-camera proceedings, female officers for statements, and immediate rehabilitation via shelter homes or hospitals.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are envisaged by the Right against Exploitation in the Constitution of India?(2017) 

  1. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour
  2. Abolition of untouchability
  3. Protection of the interests of minorities
  4. Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (2016)



Shaping India’s AI-Driven Economy

19-11-2025

Source: ET

Why in News?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is set to drive India’s next phase of economic growth, with NITI Aayog estimating that AI could add USD 500–600 billion to GDP by 2030.

What does NITI Aayog Reports Say about AI’s Impact on the Indian Economy??

What Potential does AI Hold for India's Economic Transformation?

What are the Challenges Posed by AI to the Indian Economy?

What Recommendations has NITI Aayog Made for the Sustainable Use of AI in India?

Conclusion

AI offers India a transformative economic opportunity—NITI Aayog estimates USD 500–600 billion GDP boost by 2030—if paired with reskilling, stronger AI education, robust data governance, open-source commons, and national computational infrastructure. Strategic policy, inclusive skilling, and research investments are essential to mitigate job displacement and regional inequality for sustainable growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Artificial Intelligence is a double-edged sword for the Indian economy. Critically analyze this statement and suggest a strategic roadmap for India to become a global leader in inclusive AI.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the projected contribution of AI to India’s GDP by 2030?

NITI Aayog estimates that AI could contribute USD 500-600 billion to India’s GDP by 2030 through productivity and innovation gains.

2. How many jobs could AI create in India by 2031?

AI could generate up to 4 million new jobs by 2031, particularly in tech, customer service, and high-value AI roles.

3. How does AI pose a risk to India's formal job sector?

NITI Aayog highlights a risk of large-scale job displacement, with the IT services workforce potentially shrinking from 7.5-8 million to 6 million by 2031, affecting 60% of formal sector jobs.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
  3. Disease diagnosis
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only  

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b) 


Mains

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)



Kerala Model for Sustainable Urbanisation in India

19-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

Kerala is the first State in India to set up an Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) with a 25-year roadmap to manage rapid urbanisation sustainably. 

What are the Key Recommendations of the KUPC Report for Sustainable Urbanisation?

Urbanisation in India

Urban_Development_Initiatives

What Measures Can the Kerala Model Offer for India’s Urban Planning?

Smart Cities Mission

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. India’s urban planning must shift from bureaucratic inertia to participatory and place-based governance. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains:

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)



Swachhata Hi Seva 2025

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Government of India launched the Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 2025 campaign, conducting cleanliness drives nationwide.

Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM)

Read more: Making Swachh Bharat Mission A Reality



Stubble Burning in India

19-09-2025

For Prelims: Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA), Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Act, 2021, Southwest Monsoon, Volatile Organic Compounds, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, MSP, Biofuel, Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization, Biochar.

For Mains: Impacts of stubble burning, reasons behind it, methods for recycling and reuse, and potential solutions for mitigation.

Source: TH  

Why in News?

To address the Delhi pollution crisis, the Supreme Court directed Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh to fill State Pollution Control Board vacancies within three months and urged the Union Government to impose penal measures against stubble burning.

What is Stubble Burning?

Stubble_Burning_Effects

What are the Challenges in Controlling Stubble Burning in India?

India's Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning

What Strategies can India Adopt to Curb Stubble Burning?

Conclusion

Stubble burning remains a significant environmental and health challenge in North India, driven by crop patterns, limited alternatives, and climate variability. Combating it requires a multi-pronged approach, combining technological interventions, financial incentives, regulatory measures, and local innovations to ensure sustainable residue management, reduce air pollution, and protect soil fertility.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Analyze the various factors that perpetuate the practice of stubble burning in North-West India despite the availability of technological solutions and government interventions.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following agricultural practices: (2012)

  1. Contour bunding 
  2. Relay cropping 
  3. Zero tillage 

In the context of global climate change, which of the above helps/help in carbon sequestration/storage in the soil? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 3 

(d) None of them 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. What are the major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success, how has this system become bane in India? (2020)

Q. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)



India-AI Impact Summit 2026

19-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) has revealed the official logo and key flagship initiatives for the India-AI Impact Summit February 2026. This event marks a historic occasion as it is the first time a Global South nation will host the summit.

India-AI Impact Summit 2026

India-AI_Impact_Summit_CHAKRAS

India's_AI_Projects

Read more: India’s AI Revolution



Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

19-08-2025

Source: TH 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) in Assam is witnessing significant ecological changes due to native and invasive plant species.

Major Threats: 

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) 

Note: 

Assam national parks

Read More:Concerns Over Drilling in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 


Rising Cyber Frauds in India

19-07-2025

For Prelims: Cybercrime, Digital arrest, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre, Cyber Swachhta Kendra, Ransomware attack, Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. 

For Mains: Current Framework for Cyber Security in India, Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape. 

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), a unit under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has reported a sharp surge in financial cyber frauds targeting Indian citizens, primarily originating from Southeast Asian countries. 

What is the State of Financial Cyber Frauds in India as per I4C Analysis? 

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) 

What are Cyber Frauds? 

Cyber Fraud/ Threats 

Description 

Digital Arrests 

Impersonating authorities (police or income tax officers) to extort money. 

Online Job/Task-Based Scams 

Fake work-from-home offers with upfront payments. 

Malware 

Malware is used to steal personal information that allows cyber criminals to gain control of a victim's computer. 

Ransomware 

Ransomware encrypts a victim's files and demands payment for decryption. E.g., WannaCry attack in 2016 

Phishing 

Phishing involves emails that appear to be from trusted sources, tricking users into clicking links that lead to fake websites and attackers gaining sensitive details e.g., credit card numbers.  

Cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying includes any threat to a person’s safety, coercion to say or do anything. 

Cyber Spying 

Cyber Spying targets a public or private entity’s network to gain access to classified data, private information, or intellectual property. 

Business Email Compromise (BEC)  

Scammers hack legitimate email accounts to impersonate suppliers, employees, or tax office members, considered a white-collar crime. 

Dating Hoodwinks 

Hackers use dating websites, chat rooms, and online dating apps to pose as potential partners and gain access to personal data.  

ATM/PoS Frauds 

Skimming card details or unauthorized transactions. 

What are the Key Emerging Cyber Threats Affecting India's Digital Landscape?  

Click Here to Read: Emerging Cyber Threats in India 

What are the Key Initiatives Related to Cybersecurity? 

Cybersecurity 

What Measures Should be Taken to Strengthen Cybersecurity Frameworks in India? 

Conclusion 

The rise of financial cyber frauds in India highlights the urgent need for strengthened cybersecurity measures and enhanced public awareness. While initiatives play a crucial role in combating cyber threats, the evolving nature of cybercrimes demands continuous adaptation of legal, technological, and institutional frameworks. By addressing systemic gaps and fostering digital literacy, India can mitigate the risks associated with cyber fraud and ensure a safer digital ecosystem for its citizens. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

What are the key cybersecurity challenges in India? Suggest comprehensive measures to strengthen India's cybersecurity framework? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)   

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer   
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so   
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion   
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit   

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (b)  

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)   

  1. Service providers   
  2. Data centres   
  3. Body corporate   

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 1 and 2 only   

(c) 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (d)  


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



US Lists ‘The Resistance Front’ as Global Terrorist Organization

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India welcomed the US decision to officially designate The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) group. 

Note: After the Pahalgam attack, India launched a diplomatic push urging global action against TRF.  

What is the ‘The Resistance Front’ (TRF)? 

Lashkar-e-Taiba 

Note: UAPA 1967 designates terrorist organizations or individuals, criminalizes terrorist activities, and empowers authorities for investigation and prosecution. 

Prominent India-Centric Terror Organizations in Pakistan 

Name 

About 

Status in India as per the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) 

Along with LET, it was responsible for the 2001 attack on the Indian parliament. 

Banned 

Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI) 

Initially formed to fight the Soviet army, later redirected efforts toward India. It operates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India, seeking annexation of Kashmir into Pakistan. 

Banned 

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) 

Operates mainly from Pak-Occupied Kashmir and some Pakistani cities. 

Banned 

Hizb-ul Mujahideen 

The militant wing of Pakistan’s largest Islamist political party, and is one of the largest and oldest militant groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Banned 

Al Qaeda 

Operates primarily from former Federally Administered Tribal Areas in  Karachi, and Afghanistan. 

Banned 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims:

Q.‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)  

(a) China   

(b) Japan  

(c) Russia   

(d) USA  

Ans: (a) 


Mains

Q. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (2019)



PM Virasat Ka Samvardhan (VIKAS) Scheme

19-07-2025

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) launched a skill training and women entrepreneurship development project under the Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS) scheme. 

What is PM-VIKAS Scheme? 

Schemes Related to Upliftment of Minority Communities  

Schemes Related to Skill Development, Entrepreneurship and Training 



Gujarat's Banni Grasslands Ready for Cheetah Reintroduction

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Banni Grasslands in Gujarat, a designated site under Project Cheetah, is now ready for cheetah reintroduction with a 600-hectare enclosure, rising herbivore populations, and necessary infrastructure. 

Banni Grasslands 

Cheetah 

Cheetah

Grassland_of the _World

Read More: One Year of Project Cheetah 


India’s First Digital Nomad Village

19-07-2025

Source: TH 

Yakten, a village in Sikkim’s Pakyong district, has been officially declared India’s first digital nomad village under the ‘Nomad Sikkim’ initiative. 

Read More: India's First Organic Fisheries Cluster in Sikkim 


Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024

19-01-2026

Source: PIB 

NITI Aayog has released the Export Preparedness Index (EPI) 2024, assessing the export readiness of States and Union Territories, highlighting their critical role in achieving India’s USD 1 trillion merchandise export target by 2030 and the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. 

Read more: Reimagining India's Export Pathway 


Urbanisation Beyond Megacities

19-01-2026

For Prelims: Statutory TownsPradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)BharatNetShyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban MissionMunicipal BondsEcologically Sensitive ZoneAMRUTDemographic DividendUrban Local Bodies (ULBs)AMRUT 2.0Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0Finance CommissionScheme for Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME)VB-G RAM G.

For Mains: Status of urbanisation in India, Key factors driving the shift of urbanisation to small towns, associated challenges and way forward.  

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India is experiencing a significant shift of urbanization towards small towns. This rapid and unplanned growth presents both challenges and opportunities for balanced regional development. 

What are the Key Factors Driving the Shift of Urbanisation to Small Towns in India? 

Status of Urbanisation in India 

Key Government Initiative to Support Urbanisation 

What Concerns are Associated with Shift of Urbanisation to Small Towns in India? 

What Measures are Required to Achieve Sustainable Urbanisation? 

Conclusion 

The rapid growth of small towns in India reflects a structural urban transformation driven by economic pressures, demographic shifts, and policy enablers. While they offer opportunities for localized growth and climate-resilient development, challenges of informality, governance deficits, infrastructure gaps, and urbanised poverty demand urgent policy intervention for sustainable urbanisation. 

Drishti Mains Question:

"The proliferation of small towns in India represents the 'urbanisation of rural poverty' rather than inclusive growth." Critically examine this statement in the context of India's recent urban transition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is driving the growth of small towns in India? 
Growth is driven by saturation of megacities, decentralized economic opportunities, infrastructure connectivity, demographic pressures, and policy incentives like the Rurban Mission. 

2. What role does the 74th Constitutional Amendment play in urbanising small towns? 
It empowers municipalities to plan, deliver services, and mobilize resources, enabling institutional and financial capacity building for sustainable urban governance. 

3. Why are small towns considered resilient against climate and public health crises? 
Their smaller scale, decentralized systems, and lower density make them less vulnerable to heat islands, pandemics, and disasters compared to megacities. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to the Indian economy after the 1991 economic liberalization, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. Worker productivity (Rs. per worker at 2004-05 prices) increased in urban areas while it decreased in rural areas. 
  2. The percentage share of rural areas in the workforce steadily increased. 
  3. In rural areas, the growth in non-farm economy increased. 
  4. The growth rate in rural employment decreased. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 4 only 

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q. Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian Metropolises? (2023)

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)



1.03 Crore New Workers Added to ESIC

19-01-2026

Source: TH

Recently, the Union Labour Ministry announced that reforms in Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) and Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), particularly the Scheme to Promote Registration of Employers/Employees (SPREE), have extended social security coverage to over one crore workers. 

Read more: ESIC Funds 


Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025

18-11-2025

For Prelims: Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal, Data Protection Board, Fundamental Right to Privacy, Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 

For Mains:  DPDP Act, 2023 and DPDP Rules, 2025, Balancing privacy and transparency, Rights of Data Principals in India

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India notified the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025. This marks the full operationalisation of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023. 

What are the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025? 

Core Provisions 

What is the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023? 

What are the Rights and Protections for Citizens under India’s DPDP Framework?

Right / Protection 

Description 

Right to Give or Refuse Consent 

Citizens can allow or deny use of their personal data. Consent must be clear and can be withdrawn anytime. 

Right to Know How Data is Used 

Individuals can ask what data is collected, why it is used and how it is processed, and organisations must provide this information in a simple form. 

Right to Access Personal Data 

Citizens may request a copy of their personal data held by a Data Fiduciary. 

Right to Correct Personal Data 

Individuals can get inaccurate or incomplete data corrected. 

Right to Update Personal Data 

Citizens can update changed details like address or contact number. 

Right to Erase Personal Data 

Individuals can request deletion of their personal data in specific situations, and the Data Fiduciary must act on the request within the allowed timeframe. 

Right to Nominate Another Person 

Individuals can nominate someone to exercise their data rights on their behalf, helpful in cases of illness or other limitations. 

Mandatory 90-Day Response 

Fiduciaries must act on access, correction, update or erasure requests within 90 days. 

Protection During Data Breaches 

Citizens must be informed quickly about breaches, their impact and the steps to take. 

Clear Contact for Queries 

A Data Fiduciary must provide a designated officer or Data Protection Officer for data-related questions. 

Special Protection for Children 

Processing a child’s data requires verifiable parental/guardian consent, except for essential services such as healthcare, education or real-time safety. 

Special Protection for Persons with Disabilities 

A lawful guardian must give consent if a person with a disability cannot make decisions, as per relevant laws. 

Conclusion

The DPDP Act, 2023 and Rules, 2025 create a clear, citizen-focused system for handling personal data, strengthening privacy rights and enforcing organisational accountability. The framework supports a secure, transparent and innovation-friendly digital ecosystem, helping India advance its digital economy while protecting user trust. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss how the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 and the DPDP Rules, 2025 strengthen citizen rights while enabling a secure and innovation-friendly digital economy in India.

Frequently Asked Questions  

Q. What is the purpose of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023?
It establishes India’s legal framework for protecting digital personal data using the SARAL approach and defines duties for organisations handling such data. 

Q. Who are considered Data Fiduciaries and Data Principals under the DPDP Act, 2023?
A Data Fiduciary decides how and why personal data is processed, while a Data Principal is the individual to whom the data relates, including guardians for children and persons with disabilities. 

Q. What powers does the Data Protection Board of India have?
The Board investigates breaches, enforces compliance, orders corrective action and enables digital grievance redressal, with appeals heard by TDSAT. 

Q. How do DPDP and Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 function together?
DPDP amends Section 8(1)(j) of  RTI  Act, 2005 to protect privacy but retains Section 8(2), allowing disclosure when public interest outweighs privacy harm, ensuring harmony between transparency and privacy. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (2021) 

(a) Article 15  

(b) Article 19  

(c) Article 21  

(d) Article 29  

Ans: (c)  

Q. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) 

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.  

(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.  

(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.  

(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.  

Ans: (c)  


Mains 

Q. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (2017) 

Q. Describe the context and salient features of Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. (2024)



Ayushman Bharat and Universal Health Coverage

18-10-2025

For Prelims: National Health Authority, Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, ABHA number, National Health Protection Scheme, Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres.                                                     

For Mains: Role of Ayushman Bharat in advancing Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India. Reasons for private hospital dominance in government-sponsored health schemes. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Care Strengthening. 

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The National Health Authority’s (NHA) Annual Report 2024–25 has revealed that under the Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) while government hospitals make up the majority of empanelled institutions, most beneficiaries are actually availing treatment in private hospitals, often at higher costs.

What are the Key Findings Regarding the AB-PMJAY? 

What is Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana? 

Benefits_Under_Ayushman_Bharat_Yojana

What are the Key Issues Hindering Universal Health Coverage in India? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Achieve Universal Health Coverage in India? 

Conclusion 

AB PM-JAY has significantly advanced Universal Health Coverage by providing massive financial protection and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure. However, its success highlights a critical challenge: the overwhelming patient preference for private healthcare, underscoring the need to enhance the quality and capacity of public health infrastructure for sustainable equity. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss how the Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) contributes to achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is AB-PMJAY? 
AB-PMJAY is India’s flagship health insurance scheme providing Rs 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care, aiming to achieve Universal Health Coverage for vulnerable populations. 

2. Why do people prefer private hospitals under AB-PMJAY? 
Private hospitals are preferred due to advanced technology, better infrastructure, specialist availability, attentive care, and faster access, despite only 45% of empanelled hospitals being private. 

3. How does AB-PMJAY promote gender equity? 
49% of Ayushman cards are issued to women, and 3.61 crore hospitalizations have supported female beneficiaries, ensuring inclusive healthcare access. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012)

  1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup
  2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
  3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization.
  4. Conducting the delivery of baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? (2015)



Major Announcements on India’s 79th Independence Day

18-08-2025

Source: HT  

On India’s 79th Independence Day, Prime Minister announced key initiatives to drive the nation toward developed status by 2047. 

Major Announcements 

Read more: Red Fort: Venue for the India’s Independence Day Celebration 



Key Sports Related Bills Passed in Parliament

18-08-2025

Source: TH

Parliament has passed 2 key legislations, the National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 and the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 aimed at reforming sports governance and strengthening anti-doping measures in India.

National Sports Governance Bill, 2025 

Note: 

National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 

Read More:  National Sports Policy 2025, World Anti-Doping Report 2022. 


Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty

18-07-2025

For Prelims: Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, India Plastics Pact, Project REPLAN , GoLitter Partnerships Project  

For Mains: Just Transition, Environmental Governance and Multilateral Agreements, Inclusive Development and Vulnerable Sections 

Source:DTE 

Why in News?  

The negotiations for the Global Plastics Treaty initiated under the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolution 5/14 (March 2022), have brought attention to the need for a Just Transition ensuring that efforts to end plastic pollution are both environmentally sustainable and socially fair. 

Note: The INC, set up by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) under the UNEA resolution 5/14, is tasked with creating a legally binding treaty to tackle plastic pollution across its full life cycle.  

Why is the Inclusion of 'Just Transition' Critical in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Where do Countries Stand on Just Transition in the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Global Plastic Pollution 

Plastic Pollution in India 

What Should be the Roadmap for Operationalizing Just Transition within the Global Plastics Treaty? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of integrating 'Just Transition' into the Global Plastics Treaty. How can it address both environmental and social inequalities?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)   

Prelims:

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2016)

 

Terms sometimes seen in the news 

Their origin 

1. 

Annex-I Countries 

Cartagena Protocol 

2. 

Certified Emissions Reductions 

Nagoya Protocol 

3. 

Clean Development Mechanism 

Kyoto Protocol 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998   
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999   
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011   
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011   

Ans: (c)


Mains:

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018) 



PM-WANI Scheme

18-06-2025

Source: BL

Why in News?  

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has prescribed a cap on tariffs charged to Public Data Offices (PDOs) under the PM-WANI scheme, in order to keep public Wi-Fi affordable, while also providing reasonable compensation for the broadband connection to service providers. 

What is the PM-WANI Scheme? 

 

What are the Government Initiatives for Enhancing Broadband Connectivity? 

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu  
  2. CoWIN  
  3. DigiLocker  
  4. DIKSHA  

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms?  

(a) 1 and 2 only  
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (d)



India’s Strategic Turn to Free Trade Agreements

17-12-2025

For Prelims: Free Trade AgreementsWorld Trade OrganizationEconomic Cooperation and Trade AgreementComprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement 

For Mains: India’s evolving trade policy in a multipolar world, Role of FTAs in India’s foreign policy and geopolitics

Source:IE 

Why in News?

India is currently accelerating its pursuit of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with a wide range of countries like New Zealand, Russia and Oman, even though past FTAs delivered modest trade gains.  

Summary 

What are the Reasons Behind India’s Renewed Emphasis on FTAs?

Free Trade Agreements

What are the Concerns Accompany India’s Expanding Network of in Free Trade Agreements?

What Should be India’s Policy Approach to Enhance the Effectiveness of Its FTA Strategy?

Conclusion 

India’s renewed emphasis on FTAs is less about expanding trade volumes and more about navigating a fragmented global order. As multilateralism weakens and geopolitics dominates economics, FTAs have evolved into tools of strategic alignment, diplomatic insurance, and supply-chain security. In this emerging order, strategic logic—rather than pure economic efficiency—will increasingly drive India’s trade policy. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India’s recent surge in Free Trade Agreements reflects a strategic shift from market access to geopolitical alignment. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1.Why is India signing more FTAs despite limited gains from earlier ones? 
India now views FTAs as tools for strategic alignment, supply-chain resilience, and geopolitical partnerships in a multipolar world. 

2. What major problem has India faced under past FTAs like ASEAN?
Imports grew faster than exports, widening trade deficits, with ASEAN imports rising from USD 8 bn (FY13) to USD 44 bn (FY23).

3. How do FTAs affect India’s domestic sectors?
MSMEs and farmers face pressure from cheaper imports, especially in sectors like rubber, dairy, and plantation crops.

4. What are WTO-plus issues in new FTAs?
They include services, digital trade, investment, IPR, labour, and environmental standards beyond WTO commitments.

5. What safeguards can improve India’s FTA outcomes?
Strong Rules of Origin, safeguard duties, periodic reviews, and better dispute-resolution mechanisms.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following countries: (2018)

  1. Australia  
  2. Canada  
  3. China  
  4. India  
  5. Japan  
  6. USA  

Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of ASEAN?  

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5  

(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6  

(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5  

(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6  

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (2018)



ADB Development Financing to Support India

17-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has signed 5 loan agreements with India to finance development projects focusing on skillingrenewable energy, healthcare, urban transport, and sustainable livelihoods. 

Asian Development Bank (ADB) 

Read More: Asia Development Outlook Report 2024 


Hepatitis A

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Experts argue that Hepatitis A, now emerging as a major cause of acute liver failure, should be prioritised for inclusion in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) to strengthen national protection against the disease.

What is Hepatitis A?

What is Hepatitis?

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is transmitted through the faecal–oral route, primarily via contaminated food, water, or unclean hands.

2. What is the main goal of the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (2018)?

The programme aims to eliminate Hepatitis C by 2030 and reduce morbidity and mortality from Hepatitis A, B, C, and E.

3. Which diseases are covered nationally and sub-nationally under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)?

Nationally: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Rubella, TB, Hepatitis B, Hib diseases.

Sub-nationally: Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Pneumonia, Japanese Encephalitis

UPSC Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.

(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.

(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV.

(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.

Ans: (b)


Q. 'Mission Indradhanush' launched by the Government of India pertains to: (2016)

(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women

(b) Construction of smart cities across the country

(c) India's own search for Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) New Educational Policy

Ans: (a)



India’s Carbon Emission Growth Slows in 2025

17-11-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

India’s carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels are projected to rise by only 1.4% in 2025, a sharp slowdown from the 4% increase recorded in 2024, according to the Global Carbon Project (GCP) 2025 study.

What are the Key Findings of the Global Carbon Project 2025 Study?

India’s Emissions Profile

What are the Factors Contributing to India’s Slowdown in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?

What are India’s Long-Term Low Emission Strategies (LT-LEDS)?

India has devised LT-LEDS to chart a sustainable path forward in addressing “CLIMATE” change. India’s LT-LEDS involves seven key strategic transitions, namely:

India carbon reduction initiatives

Conclusion

India’s emissions slowdown is encouraging, but rising global emissions and a nearly depleted 1.5°C carbon budget add urgency to COP30 in Belem. Keeping up India’s clean-energy momentum and securing stronger global action will be crucial to limiting future climate risks.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss how India’s rapid renewable energy expansion is reshaping its emission trajectory and helping meet long-term climate commitments.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does the Global Carbon Project report say about India’s emissions in 2025?

India’s fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions are expected to rise only 1.4%, reaching about 3.22 billion tonnes.

2. Why are India’s emissions slowing despite economic growth?

Strong renewable expansion, better energy efficiency, cleaner technologies, and lower cooling demand due to a strong monsoon.

3. How significant is India’s renewable energy capacity?

As of 2025, Renewables form 50.07% of total installed capacity; non-fossil capacity has reached 242.8 GW.

4. Which sector continues to dominate India’s CO₂ emissions?

Coal remains the largest contributor, though power-sector emissions fell by 1% in early 2025 due to high renewable output.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2019)

  1. Carbon monoxide 
  2. Methane 
  3. Ozone 
  4. Sulphur dioxide 

Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)


Q. The ‘Common Carbon Metric’, supported by UNEP, has been developed for 

(a) assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world  

(b) enabling commercial fanning entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading  

(c) enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries  

(d) assessing the overall carbon foot-print caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time  

Ans: (a)


Q. “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)  

(a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  

(b) The UNEP Secretariat  

(c) The UNFCCC Secretariat  

(d) The World Meteorological Organisation  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023)



WHO Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report 2025

17-11-2025

For Prelims: World Health Organisation, Tuberculosis (TB), Human Immunodeficiency Virus,  Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, Ni-kshay Mitras

For Mains: India’s progress and challenges under the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) , Drug-resistant TB

Source: TH

Why in News?

The World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report 2025 shows a sharp 21% fall in India’s TB incidence, dropping from 237 per lakh in 2015 to 187 per lakh in 2024 nearly twice the pace of the global decline and marking a major milestone in India’s fight against the disease.

What are the Key Findings of the WHO Global TB Report 2025?

What are the Factors Contributing to the Decline in India’s TB Incidence?

What is India’s TB Elimination Target?

Why is India Struggling to Meet its 2025 TB Elimination Target?

What Measures can Strengthen TB Elimination Efforts in India?

Conclusion

India has made strong progress in reducing TB incidence and improving treatment outcomes, but elimination by 2025 remains out of reach. Sustained innovation, stronger health systems and targeted community support are essential to accelerate India’s path toward TB elimination.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss how decentralised TB services and new diagnostic technologies have transformed India’s TB response.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What decline in TB incidence has India achieved according to the WHO Global TB Report 2025?

India recorded a 21% decline in TB incidence between 2015 and 2024, dropping from 237 to 187 per lakh population.

2. What is India’s treatment coverage under NTEP in 2024?

Treatment coverage reached 92% in 2024, up from 53% in 2015.

3. What percentage of global TB cases does India account for?

India accounts for 25% of global TB cases, the highest among all countries.

4. What is BPaLM regimen (bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid, moxifloxacin)?

The BPaLM regimen is a new, shorter, all-oral treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), it cuts treatment duration from 18–24 months to just 6 months.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Mains

Q. Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (2021)



India-Australia Clean Energy Partnership

17-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Australia  is engaging with India at a crucial time as both nations aim to achieve ambitious renewable energy goals while reducing reliance on China for critical materials amid global supply chain vulnerabilities.

What is the Need to Scale Up Australia-India Clean Energy Partnership? 

What are India's Strategic Global Partnerships for Clean Energy Transition? 

Renewable Energy in India 

India's Panchamitra Plan

Drishti Mains Question: 

Discuss the significance of the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership in addressing climate change and supply chain vulnerabilities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP)? 
REP is a bilateral initiative launched in 2024 focusing on solar PV, green hydrogen, energy storage, and capacity building to strengthen clean energy collaboration. 

2. What is the status of renewable energy capacity in India? 
Total capacity reached 220.10 GW, with solar at 105.65 GW, wind at 50.04 GW, bioenergy at 11.58 GW, and small hydro at 5.10 GW. 

3. Why is overdependence on China a challenge for India and Australia? 
China refines over 90% of rare earth elements and produces 80% of global solar modules, creating risks in EV, wind, and solar sectors for both countries. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government? (2016)

(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy  

(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018  

(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time  

(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

Q. Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy. (2013)



Green Crackers

17-10-2025

Source:TH 

The Supreme Court of India has relaxed the year-long blanket ban on fireworks in Delhi-NCR, allowing the sale and use of green crackers approved by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) and Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) during Deepavali 2025 

Read more: Green Crackers 


Moran Community

17-09-2025

Source: IE

The Moran community in Assam’s Tinsukia district—an area rich in oil, coal, and tea—has launched an economic blockade, stopping the movement of goods to and from the region to press their demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status.

Read More: PRC to Moran Community



Supreme Court’s Interim Order on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

17-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The Supreme Court (SC) of India has stayed certain provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act 2025, amid concerns that it violates Article 26, undermines community autonomy through excessive administrative powers and non-Muslim representation on Waqf Boards, and may impact existing Waqf properties and philanthropy.

What is Waqf Act, 1995? 

Waqf Board

What are the Key Contentious Provisions of the Waqf Amendment Act, 2025 and the Supreme Court’s Stance on it?

Key Judicial Pronouncements Regarding Religious Freedom in India

Conclusion

The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aspires to bring reforms, yet it also raises genuine concerns over autonomy and rights. The Supreme Court’s interim order seeks to carefully balance the reform process with constitutional safeguards. The way forward should focus on fostering transparency and accountability, while preserving the spirit of religious freedom and trust among communities

Read more:  Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. How does the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 aim to modernise Waqf administration, and what challenges does it face?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Mains

Q. How is the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (2018)



Quality Control Orders

17-09-2025

For Prelims: Bureau of Indian Standards, Quality Control Orders, World Trade Organization

For Mains: Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in India, Measures to balance quality assurance and industry competitiveness.

Source: IE

Why in News? 

The rapid increase in Quality Control Orders (QCOs) issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) over the past three years has drawn criticism from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which view these mandatory QCOs regulations as costly and restrictive to their operations.

What are Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

What are the Challenges Related to Quality Control Orders (QCOs)?

Steps Taken by BIS to Address Current Challenges Regarding QCOs

What Measures are Needed to Ensure Effective Implementation of QCOs?

Conclusion

Effective QCO implementation requires a synergy of regulatory clarity, digital facilitation, financial relief, and active engagement with MSMEs. These measures not only reduce compliance burdens but also strengthen the domestic quality ecosystem, boost consumer trust, and support the objectives of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the significance of Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in strengthening India’s domestic quality ecosystem and protecting consumer interests.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
  2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: A



MHA’s New SOP on Cyber Financial Frauds

17-01-2026

Source: IE

Why in News?

In a major step to strengthen India’s cybercrime response, the Ministry of Home Affairs has approved a new Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for handling cyber financial frauds under the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) 

What is the New SOP on Cyber Financial Frauds? 

National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) 

Note: In another development, the Union government has set up a high-level inter-departmental committee under the Ministry of Home Affairs to tackle the growing menace of “digital arrest” scamswhich have already led to losses of around Rs 3,000 crore based on reported complaints alone and have disproportionately affected the elderly and vulnerable. 

Read more:  SC Directions on 'Digital-Arrest' Scams 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the new SOP on cyber financial frauds? 
It is a uniform, pan-India procedure approved by the MHA to handle cyber financial fraud cases through NCRP and CFCFRMS.

2. What major relief does the SOP provide to victims? 
For frauds below Rs 50,000, refunds can be processed without a court order, and banks must lift fund freezes within 90 days if no order exists.

3. Which institutions are covered under the SOP? 
Banks, NBFCs, payment aggregators, e-commerce platforms, stock-trading apps, and mutual fund houses.

4. Why is NCRP important in India’s cybercrime framework? 
NCRP enables nationwide reporting of all cybercrimes, integrates CFCFRMS, and connects 85+ banks and intermediaries via the 1930 helpline for swift action.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)  

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer  
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so  
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion  
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only  
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 2 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4  

Ans: (b)

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)  

  1. Service providers  
  2. Data centres  
  3. Body corporate  

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 1 and 2 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets

17-01-2026

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

The Financial Intelligence Unit–India (FIU-IND) has introduced stringent new Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) service providers to curb financial crimes in India’s cryptocurrency ecosystem.

What are the New FIU-IND Guidelines for Virtual Digital Assets? 

What are Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)? 

Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) 

Cryptocurrency

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.  
  2. The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.  
  3. Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 1 and 2 only  

(c) 2 only  

(d) 1 and 3 only  

Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)

Terms sometimes seen in news              Context/Topic

  1. Belle II experiment — Artificial Intelligence 
  2. Blockchain technology —Digital/ Cryptocurrency 
  3. CRISPR – Cas9 —Particle Physics 

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?  

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



National Energy Conservation Awards 2025

16-12-2025

Source: PIB 

On National Energy Conservation Day 2025 (14th December), the President presented the National Energy Conservation Awards 2025 in New Delhi. 

National Energy Conservation Awards 

Objective_National _Energy _Conservation _Awards

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) 

Read More: Bureau of Energy Efficiency 


“Fare Se Fursat” Fixed Airfare Scheme

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Minister of Civil Aviation, launched a new initiative titled "Fare Se Fursat", a fixed airfare scheme by India’s government-owned regional carrier, Alliance Air. 

India’s Aviation Sector 

Read More: Regional Connectivity Scheme-Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) 




Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

16-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) reaching the ‘Poor’ category prompted the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to invoke Stage-I of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) across the National Capital Region (NCR) to prevent further deterioration in air quality. 

What is a Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 

GRAP

Air Quality Index 

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) 

Air_Pollutants

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)? 
GRAP is a graded framework notified in 2017 to tackle rising air pollution in Delhi-NCR through stage-wise actions based on AQI levels.

2. Who implements GRAP in Delhi-NCR? 
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) implements GRAP in coordination with the MoEFCC and state governments. 

3. What are the four stages of GRAP? 
Stage I – Poor, Stage II – Very Poor, Stage III – Severe, and Stage IV – Severe+, with progressively stricter pollution control measures.

4. What is the National Air Quality Index (AQI)? 
The AQI, launched under the Swachh Bharat Mission, uses the concept of “One Number – One Colour – One Description” to simplify air quality data for the public.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)

  1. Carbon dioxide 
  2. Carbon monoxide 
  3. Nitrogen dioxide 
  4. Sulfur dioxide 
  5. Methane 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans: (b)



Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

16-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Union Government has announced the annual licensing policy for opium poppy cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh for 2025-26, increasing eligible farmers to 1.21 lakh.

Annual Licensing Policy for Opium Cultivation for 2025-26

What is Opium Poppy?



SC Issues DNA Evidence Guidelines in Criminal Cases

16-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

In the Kattavellai@Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu case 2025, the Supreme Court (SC) issued guidelines to ensure the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations. 

What are the Key SC Guidelines on DNA Evidence Handling?

What are the Key Issues Involved in DNA Evidence Management?

Judicial Stand on DNA Evidence Admissibility 

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s guidelines in Kattavellai @ Devakar v. State of Tamil Nadu (2025) ensure uniformity, scientific validity, and integrity of DNA evidence in criminal cases. Proper documentation, timely transportation, preservation, and chain of custody are critical to prevent contamination and strengthen the probative value of DNA as opinion evidence under the law.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s guidelines in maintaining the integrity of DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:(2022)

1.assess the age of a plant or animal.

2.distinguish among species that look alike.

3.identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Q. With reference to the recent developments in science, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)

(a) Functional chromosomes can be created by joining segments of DNA taken from cells of different species.

(b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created in laboratories.

(c) A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can be made to replicate outside a living cell in a laboratory.

(d) Cells taken out from plants and animals can be made to undergo cell division in laboratory petri dishes.

Ans: (a)



RBI’s FREE-AI Committee Report

16-08-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Artificial Intelligence, Digital public infrastructure, MuleHunter AI 

For Mains: Role of Artificial Intelligence in India’s financial sector, Balancing innovation and consumer protection in digital finance

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has released the Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence (FREE-AI) Committee Report. It calls for 7 guiding sutras to promote responsible AI use in the financial sector while balancing innovation and risk mitigation. 

What are the RBI’s 7 Sutras for AI adoption Under FREE-AI? 

RBI’s_ 7 Sutras_ for AI adoption              

What Can be the Significance of AI in Finance? 

What are the Challenges of AI in Finance? 

India’s Policy Developments on AI in Finance  

What are the RBI’s Recommendations for AI in Finance? 

Conclusion 

The FREE-AI framework outlines how AI can be responsibly and ethically adopted in India’s financial sector, offering a roadmap for regulators, financial institutions, and technology providers to harness AI’s potential effectively. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Reserve Bank of India’s “Seven Sutras” in balancing innovation with ethical safeguards in the adoption of Artificial Intelligence in the financial sector.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units  
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs  
  3. Disease diagnosis  
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion  
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy  

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only    

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (b) 


Mains: 

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)




Semiconductor Industry in India

16-08-2025

For Prelims: India Semiconductor Mission, Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystems in India, Semiconductor Fab. 

For Mains: India’s Semiconductor Industry, India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), Importance of Semiconductor Fabrication, Challenges and Way Forward 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Cabinet approved 4 new semiconductor projects in Odisha, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), bringing the total to 10 projects  across 6 states. 

What are the Key Trends and Opportunities Shaping the Growth of India's Semiconductor Market? 

Semiconductor Market Size in India

Significance of Semiconductors 

What is the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)? 

Initiatives to Promote India’s Semiconductor Industry in India 

What are the Key Challenges to India’s Semiconductor Industry? 

What Steps Should India Take to Strengthen Its Semiconductor Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s semiconductor sector is growing rapidly, driven by ISM, PLI, and SEMICON India, rising domestic demand, and global partnerships. Strengthening infrastructure, technology, and skills will be key to making India a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing and design. 

Semiconductors

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the growth potential of India’s semiconductor sector and suggest measures to overcome key challenges for self-reliance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser  
(b) Gas laser  
(c) Semiconductor laser  
(d) Excimer laser  

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.  
  2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2  
(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (2016)



Income Tax Bill, 2025

16-08-2025

Source: IE

Both houses of the Parliament passed the Income Tax Bill, 2025, which seeks to simplify, rationalise, and shorten the existing Income Tax 1961 Act. 

Income Tax 

Read more:  Challenges and Reforms in India’s Taxation System 


India Achieves 50% Non-Fossil Fuel Power Capacity

16-07-2025

Source: PIB  

India’s non-fossil fuel power capacity has reached 242.78 GW out of 484.82 GW total installed capacity, 5 years ahead of its 2030 target under the Paris Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Non-Fossil Fuels: 

Total_Installed _Eectricity_capacity

Key Initiatives Driving the Growth of India’s Renewable Energy Capacity: 

Read More: India’s Renewable Energy Revolution 


Deepfakes

16-07-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?

Denmark has proposed a landmark copyright amendment to ban the sharing of deepfakes without consent, protecting individuals’ voices, faces, and likenesses.  

What are Deepfakes? 

How has India Dealt with Deepfakes? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 

Ans: (b)



Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme

16-01-2026

For Prelims: Prime Minister’s Internship SchemeNational Apprenticeship Promotion SchemeSkill India MissionPradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 

For Mains: Government Schemes for Youth Employment and Skill Development, Design and Implementation Challenges of Flagship Welfare Schemes, Education–Industry Skill Gap in India

Source:BL 

Why in News?  

Data from the Controller General of Accounts show severe underutilisation of funds under the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme (PMIS), pointing to weaknesses in the scheme’s design, demand, and implementation barely a year after its launch. 

What  is the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme (PMIS)? 

What are the Key Concerns Regarding the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme (PMIS)? 

What are India's Major Skill Development Initiatives? 

What Measures can Strengthen the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme (PMIS)? 

Conclusion 

The PMIS has strong intent but weak execution, as reflected in low fund utilisation and poor participation outcomes. Gaps in stipend levels, and internship quality have limited its impact so far. Course correction is needed to turn scale into meaningful employability gains. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How can India integrate internships, apprenticeships, and formal skilling into a coherent employability framework?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme (PMIS)? 
PMIS is a Ministry of Corporate Affairs scheme launched in Budget 2024–25 to provide one crore internships in top companies over five years to improve youth employability.

2. Who is eligible for PMIS? 
Youth aged 21–24 years with minimum Class 10 qualification, not in full-time employment or regular education, are eligible. 

3. What are the key benefits under PMIS? 
A Rs 5,000 monthly stipend, a one-time Rs 6,000 grant, insurance coverage, and 12 months of industry exposure. 

4. What are the major concerns with PMIS implementation? 
Severe underutilisation of funds, low offer acceptance, poor completion rates, and inadequate financial incentives. 

5. How can PMIS be strengthened? 
By revising stipends, mandating skill certification, improving candidate–company matching, strengthening CSR accountability, and decentralising outreach.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.   
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.   
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016)



India–Israel Joint Ministerial Declaration on Fisheries and Aquaculture

16-01-2026

Source:PIB 

At the 2nd Global Summit on “Blue Food Security: Sea the Future 2026”, India and Israel signed a Joint Ministerial Declaration of Intent to deepen cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture. 

Read more: India's Blue Economy Potential 


MS Sahoo Committee for NPS Reforms

16-01-2026

Source: Mint 

Why in News? 

The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) has established a high-level committee to design a regulatory framework for assured payouts under the National Pension System (NPS), aiming to address post-retirement income certainty. 

What are the Key Facts Regarding the Newly Constituted Committee on NPS? 

National Pension System (NPS)

What is NPS Vatsalya? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the purpose of the MS Sahoo committee? 
The committee is tasked with formulating guidelines for legally enforceable, market-based guaranteed payouts under NPS to enhance income certainty after retirement. 

2. How does NPS differ from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS)? 
Unlike OPS, NPS is market-linked, contributory, and does not offer an assured pension, with contributions from both the employee (10%) and government (14%). 

3. Who is eligible for NPS Vatsalya? 
All Indian citizens, including NRI/OCI, below 18 years, with the minor as the sole beneficiary, operated by a parent or legal guardian. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q. Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)? (2017)

(a) Resident Indian citizens only 

(b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only 

(c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments 

(d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004 

Ans (c)

Q. Regarding ‘Atal Pension Yojana’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. It is a minimum guaranteed pension scheme mainly targeted at unorganised sector workers. 
  2. Only one member of a family can join the scheme. 
  3. Same amount of pension is guaranteed for the spouse for life after the subscriber's death. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 



SC Declares Involuntary Narco Test as Unconstitutional

15-12-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 


The Supreme Court (SC) of India has ruled that any forced or involuntary narco test is unconstitutional, setting aside a 2025 Patna High Court order that allowed such a test in Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2025).

Summary

What is a Narco Test?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a narco test?
A narco test is an investigative technique where sedative drugs like barbiturates (e.g., Sodium Pentothal) are administered to lower inhibitions and extract information.

2. Why are forced narco tests unconstitutional?
They violate Article 20(3) by compelling self-incrimination and breach Article 21 by infringing personal liberty and the right to privacy.

3. What did the Supreme Court hold in Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010)?
The Court ruled that narco tests without free and informed consent are unconstitutional and their results are inadmissible as evidence.

4. Is voluntary narco testing legally allowed?
Yes, a person may voluntarily opt for a narco test at the defence stage under Section 253 of BNSS, but there is no absolute right to demand it.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the Constitution of India? (2021)

 (a) Article 15

 (b) Article 19

 (c) Article 21

 (d) Article 29

Ans:C



Anti-dumping Duty

15-11-2025

Source: BS 

India has imposed a five-year anti-dumping duty on hot-rolled steel imports from Vietnam after investigations confirmed that unfairly low-priced imports were harming the domestic steel industry. 

Read more:  Anti-Dumping Duty 


Unlocking India’s Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries

15-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog has released a comprehensive report titled “India’s Blue Economy: Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries”, outlining a roadmap to sustainably unlock the vast potential of India’s marine resources, and strengthen the Blue Economy.  

What are the Key Highlights of NITI Aayog’s Report on India’s Blue Economy? 

Blue_Economy

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Deep-sea and Offshore Fisheries Highlighted by NITI Aayog? 

What are the Recommendations of NITI Aayog for India’s Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries? 

Conclusion 

In line with PMMSY and SDG 14, NITI Aayog’s recommendations aim to ensure sustainable growth, ecosystem conservation, and inclusive development in India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the potential of India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries and discuss the challenges in harnessing these resources sustainably.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
The EEZ is a maritime zone up to 200 nautical miles from the coast, where a country has rights to explore, use, and manage resources like fisheries, oil, and minerals. 

2. What is the estimated potential yield of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
India’s EEZ spans over 2 million sq. km with an estimated potential yield of 7.16 million tonnes, highlighting untapped deep-sea resources.

3. What are the key challenges in India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries? 
Challenges include lack of scientific stock assessment, weak infrastructure, technological gaps, high operational costs, limited finance, outdated legal frameworks, unsustainable fishing, and weak monitoring.

4. How does NITI Aayog propose to modernise India’s fishing fleet and infrastructure? 
Through support for modern vessels with refrigeration, onboard processing, deep-sea harbours, landing centres, cold chains, and cooperative-based ownership models.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following is a filter feeder? (2021)

(a) Catfish   

(b) Octopus  

(c) Oyster   

(d) Pelican  

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)



Great Nicobar Island Project

15-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News?

Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project has drawn attention as one of India’s most ambitious infrastructure plans in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

What is the Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project?

Great_Nicobar_Island

Great Nicobar Island

Conclusion

The Great Nicobar Island Project is not merely an infrastructure plan but a strategic-economic multiplier. It secures India’s maritime future, reduces logistical dependence on foreign ports, and unlocks regional growth, thereby positioning India as a major player in the Indo-Pacific.

Click here to Read: Concerns Associated with the Great Nicobar Island Project

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the role of the Great Nicobar Island Project in India’s Maritime Vision 2030 and its alignment with the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

Great Nicobar Project | Andaman & Nicobar | Environmental Concern | Indepth | Drishti IAS English

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.
  2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
  3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 

(c) 3 only  

(d) 1 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) 

(a) Andaman and Nicobar 

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra 

(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep 

(d) Sumatra and Java 

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. Environmental impact assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before the project is cleared by the government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal- fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.(2023)




Source Code of Smartphones

15-01-2026

Source:TH 

The Union government and the MAIT (Manufacturers’ Association for Information Technology) (apex body representing India's electronics & ICT hardware sector) have refuted reports claiming that smartphone manufacturers would be required to disclose their source code, clarifying that no such demand is under consideration. 

Read more: India's Quest for Technological Sovereignty 


Ammonium Nitrate

14-11-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

A blast near Delhi’s Red Fort has put  Ammonium Nitrate” in the spotlight, as investigators suspect the chemical may have been used in the explosion by a “white-collar” terror module linked to Jaish-e-Mohammed. 

What is Ammonium Nitrate? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is ammonium nitrate? 
Ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) is a nitrogen-rich oxidiser used as fertilizer and in controlled blasting; mixed with fuel oil it forms ANFO, a commonly weaponised IED component, making it a high-risk dual-use chemical.

2. Which laws and agencies regulate ammonium nitrate in India? 
Activities involving ammonium nitrate are regulated under the Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012, the Explosives Act, 1884, and manufacture also requires industrial licence under the Industrial Development & Regulation Act, 1951.

3. When is an ammonium nitrate mixture legally treated as an explosive? 
Any mixture (emulsion, gel, melt, suspension) containing over 45% ammonium nitrate is legally classified as an explosive under the Explosives Act, 1884, and attracts stricter controls. 



Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001

14-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India marked the Silver Jubilee of the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001 and the 21st Foundation Day of PPV&FRA with the Plant Genome Saviour Awards Ceremony in New Delhi.  

What is the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FRA) Act, 2001? 

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the PPV&FRA Act, 2001? 
The PPV&FRA Act, 2001 is a sui generis law that provides intellectual property protection to plant breeders while formally recognising farmers’ rights to save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed and register farmer-developed varieties.

2. Who implements the PPV&FRA and what is its function? 
The Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), headquartered in New Delhi, implements the Act, maintains the National Register of Plant Varieties and adjudicates rights, benefit-sharing and registrations.

3. What rights does a breeder get under the Act? 
Registered breeders obtain exclusive rights to produce, sell, market, distribute, import or export the protected variety and can license or take legal action against infringement.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India. 
  2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board. 
  3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c) 



National Household Income Survey (NHIS) 2026

14-10-2025

Source: PIB 

The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) plans to launch the National Household Income Survey (NHIS) in February 2026. 

Read more: Strengthening India's Statistical Syste




Negotiations for India-Oman CEPA Concluded

14-08-2025

Source: ET

India concluded negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Oman, aimed at boosting trade and investment. 

India-Oman Bilateral Relations: 

India-Oman

Major_ Trade_ Agreement

Read More: India-UK Free Trade Agreement, Reviewing Free Trade Agreements   


Fast Track Special Courts

14-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs) in Delhi, established under the FTSCs Scheme 2019 for speedy trial of rape and child sexual abuse cases, have disposed of only around 43% of cases as of June 2025. 

What is the Fast Track Special Courts Scheme? 

What are the Challenges in Fast Track Special Courts? 

What Measures Can Strengthen Fast Track Special Courts? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key challenges faced by FTSCs and suggest measures to enhance their efficiency and victim sensitivity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains

Q. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (2016)

Q. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest Some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (2014)



Declining Household Savings & Rising Liabilities

14-07-2025

For Prelims: Inflation, Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme, Mahila Samman Savings Certificate, National Pension System (NPS), Paradox of Savings, FDI, Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), UPI, Jan Dhan, e-RUPI, Inflation-indexed Bonds, Atal Pension Yojana, Sovereign Gold Bonds.             

For Mains: Current trend in household savings in India, Implications of low household savings rate and rising household debt, Strategies needed to maintain sustainable household savings & manage debt in India. 

Source: BL  

Why in News? 

India’s household savings pattern is undergoing a significant transformation, raising concerns about long-term economic stability and domestic capital formation. 

What is the Current Trend in Household Savings in India? 

Household Savings and Household Debt 

What are the Implications of Low Household Savings Rate and Rising Household Debt? 

Paradox of Savings 

What Strategies can be Adopted to Maintain Sustainable Household Savings in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s declining household savings and rising debt threaten economic stability. To ensure sustainability, policies must boost financial literacy, incentivize savings, regulate reckless lending, and expand social security. Balancing consumption-led growth with prudent savings and debt management is crucial for long-term resilience, inclusive development, and reducing vulnerabilities in an evolving financial landscape. 

Drishti Mains Questions:

India’s declining household savings rate poses risks to long-term economic growth." Analyse the causes and suggest policy measures to revive sustainable savings. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



Revamping India’s BFSI Sector

14-06-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Capital formation, Sustainable development,Financial inclusion, Bank privatisation, Equities markets, Corporate bonds 

For Mains: State of Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) Sector in India, Challenges Related to BFSI sector, Steps to be Taken to Address Challenges in India’s BFSI Sector 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India's Banking, Financial, Services and Insurance (BFSI) sector faces ongoing structural challenges, including fragmented regulations, a shallow corporate bond market, and unregulated shadow banking, highlighting the need for comprehensive reforms to strengthen and stabilize the financial system for sustainable growth. 

What is the Current Status of India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges Related to India’s BFSI Sector? 

What are the Key Committees Related to Financial Sector Reforms in India?  

Area 

Committee  

Key Focus 

Banking Reforms 

Narasimham Committee 

Banking sector reform, Asset Reconstruction 

Financial Sector Reforms 

Raghuram Rajan Committee 

Overall financial sector reform 

Bank Licensing 

Bimal Jalan Committee 

New bank licenses 

NBFC Regulation 

A.C. Shah Committee 

Regulation of NBFCs 

Cooperative Finance 

R.N. Mirdha Committee 

Cooperative societies 

Marathe Committee 

Licensing of Urban Cooperative Banks 

Banking Technology 

Rangarajan Committee 

Computerization of banks 

NPAs & Credit Issues 

Khanna Committee 

Non-performing assets (NPAs) 

S.S. Kohli Committee 

Willful defaulters 

Financial Inclusion 

Nachiket Mor Committee 

Payment banks 

H.R. Khan Committee 

Business Correspondent (BC) model 

Rural & Priority Sector Banking 

M.L. Dantwala Committee 

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) 

Gadgil Committee 

Lead banking scheme 

Capital Markets & Investment 

Sodhani Committee 

Forex & NRI investments 

 

Y.V. Reddy Committee 

Small savings reform 

What Measures can be Implemented to Revamp India’s BFSI Sector? 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key factors behind the growth of India’s BFSI sector? Examine the major challenges it faces in ensuring financial stability and inclusive growth. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q1. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an  Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India? (2018)

(a) Indian Banks’ Association 

(b) National Securities Depository Limited 

(c) National Payments Corporation of India 

(d) Reserve Bank of India 

Ans: (c) 


Mains:

Q. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (2016)





IREDA Bags ‘Excellent’ Ratings

14-06-2025

Source: PIB 

The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) was awarded an 'Excellent' rating for its exceptional performance in the Power and NBFC sectors by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). 

IREDA: 

DPE Ratings: 

India's Renewable Energy Initiatives: 

Renewable Energy

Read More: Tapping Renewable Energy Potential in India 


Snail Infestation in Cardamom

14-06-2025

Source: TH 

The cardamom-growing regions of Idukki, Kerala, are facing threat from small snail infestations following heavy summer rains. Snails feed on new panicles, flowers, and young capsules, causing crop damage, reduced yield, and quality loss. 

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 

Spices Market in India: India produced 11.14 million tonnes of spices in 2022–23, cultivating 75 of the 109 ISO-listed spices 

Read More: Strengthening India's Spice Industry 


Year-End Review 2025: Department of Expenditure

14-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Department of Expenditure (DoE), Ministry of Finance, has demonstrated transformative fiscal management through large-scale digitization of benefits, strategic capital infusion to states, and comprehensive policy overhauls.

What are the Key Achievements of the Department of Expenditure? 

Borrowing Provisions 

Current Debt Structure 

Ministry of Finance 

Conclusion 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the role of the Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure in boosting economic growth.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What role does PFMS play in India’s DBT ecosystem? 
PFMS enables real-time, transparent fund transfers and supports 966 DBT schemes, ensuring efficient last-mile delivery and fiscal accountability. 

Q. What is the Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Expenditure? 
It provides 50-year interest-free loans to States to boost capital expenditure, crowd-in private investment, and enhance productive capacity. 

Q. How does the Net Borrowing Ceiling support fiscal discipline? 
The 3% of GSDP NBC, as per the 15th Finance Commission, balances State fiscal autonomy with macroeconomic stability. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q. Which of the following is/are included in the capital budget of the Government of India? (2016)

  1. Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc.  
  2. Loans received from foreign governments  
  3. Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (2022)



World Inequality Report 2026

13-12-2025

For Prelims: World Inequality Report 2026, World Inequality Lab, PPP, GDP, Labor Force Participation Rate, Unemployment, Progressive Tax.     

For Mains: Key findings of the World Inequality Report 2026 and proposed policy solutions as per for reducing inequality. Status of India in WIR 2026 and Steps taken by India to reduce inequality.

 

Source: IE

Why in News?

The 3rd World Inequality Report 2026 (WIR 2026), released by the World Inequality Lab, highlights unprecedented global inequality across income, wealth, gender, climate responsibility, and territorial divides, calling for urgent policy interventions.

Summary

What are the Key Findings of the World Inequality Report 2026?

What are the Key Findings Related to India in the World Inequality Report 2026?

World Inequality Report

What are the Key Policy Recommendations Made in World Inequality Report 2026?

Policy Area

Core Objective

Recommendations

Public Investment in Human Capital

Equalize life chances from the start and build an inclusive society.

Invest in free, high-quality education, universal healthcare, childcare, and nutrition programs.

Redistribution & Social Protection

Shift resources directly to lower-income groups and provide stability.

Implement cash transfers, pensions, and  unemployment benefits for vulnerable households.

Advancing Gender Equality

Dismantle structural barriers and redistribute unpaid care work.

Provide affordable childcare, equitable parental leave, and enforce equal pay laws.

Progressive & Green Taxation

Mobilize public resources fairly and align fiscal policy with climate goals.

Enact progressive wealth/income taxes and use taxes/subsidies to promote low-carbon technologies.

Reforming Global Financial System

Correct systemic biases that transfer resources from poor to rich nations.

Explore new global currency arrangements systems to reduce unequal financial flows.

India’s Initiatives to Reduce Inequality

Conclusion

The World Inequality Report 2026 reveals an interconnected crisis of extreme economic, environmental, and social disparities. While the data shows that inequality is a political choice, the proposed multi-dimensional policy solutions and existing national initiatives highlight a clear, actionable path toward building more equitable and resilient societies.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the multidimensional nature of global inequality as highlighted in the World Inequality Report 2026. What comprehensive steps, integrating fiscal and social policy, are needed to forge an effective and equitable development path for India?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What does WIR 2026 reveal about global wealth concentration?
The top 10% hold 75% of global wealth, while the bottom 50% owns only 2%; the top 0.001% controls three times more wealth than half of humanity.

2. How is climate inequality linked to wealth?
The wealthiest 10% account for 77% of emissions from private capital; the top 1% alone contribute 41%, showing unequal responsibility and risk.

3. What does the report identify as a primary reason for persistent high inequality in India?
Inequality in India is entrenched, with the top 10% capturing 58% of national income and the top 1% holding 40% of wealth, exacerbated by a stagnant female labour force participation rate of 15.7%.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims 

Q.Inclusive growth as enunciated in the Eleventh Five Year Plan does not include one of the following: (2010) 

(a) Reduction of poverty  

(b) Extension of employment opportunities  

(c) Strengthening of capital market 

(d) Reduction of gender inequality 

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020)



Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB)

13-11-2025

Source: ET 

The Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) chairman has expressed dissent over several key recommendations of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) expert committee headed by DK Sarraf on boosting domestic gas usage.

PNGRB_Proposed_Reforms

PNGRB 

Read More: Strengthening Regulatory Bodies 


Intergenerational Equity & Conservation of Endangered Species

13-11-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Supreme Court (SC) of India reviewed the conservation status of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB) and the Lesser Florican, questioned the relevance of Western principles like intergenerational equity for protecting species close to extinction, and stressed the need for an eco-centric approach to biodiversity governance.

What is the Principle of Intergenerational Equity? 

SC's Observation on the Principle of Intergenerational Equity 

What are the Key Facts About Great Indian Bustards and Lesser Floricans? 

Great Indian Bustard 

Great_Indian_Bustards

Lesser Florican 

Lesser_Florican

What are SC’s Recommendations for Biodiversity Conservation? 

Conclusion 

The Supreme Court stressed that conservation of the dying species needs an eco-centric approach rather than human-centred principles. The Court reaffirmed that safeguarding endangered species is a constitutional and ecological responsibility. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the limitations of intergenerational equity principle for conserving critically endangered species in India. Suggest alternatives with legal and policy measures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is intergenerational equity? 
Intergenerational equity holds that each generation may use natural resources but must conserve them for future generations. 

2. Why did the Supreme Court find intergenerational equity inadequate for endangered species? 
The Court said the doctrine is essentially anthropocentric (focusing on human benefit across generations) and offers limited protection when species require immediate, species-specific, eco-centric interventions. 

3. What practical measures did the Supreme Court recommend for bustard and florican conservation? 
The Court urged an eco-centric policy focus: stronger habitat protection, science-based recovery programmes (including captive breeding), infrastructure mitigation (undergrounding/rerouting power lines), and timely implementation of conservation directives. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q. Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species? (2012)

(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass 

(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard 

(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane) 

(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal 

Ans: (a) 

Q. With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. It is spread over two districts.
  2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
  3. It is one of the natural habitats of Great Indian Bustard.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in the conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)



Strengthening Labour Rights in India

13-10-2025

For Prelims: International Labour Organization, Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan, National Skill Development Corporation 

For Mains: Labour Rights and Industrial Safety in India, Challenges in Enforcement of Labour Laws, Informal Sector and Social Security Measures

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

The Sigachi Industries reactor blast in Telangana, along with a spate of industrial accidents in 2025, has reignited concerns over industrial safety standards and the weakening of labour protections, reviving debates on the erosion of workers’ rights in India. 

What are the Reasons for Rising Industrial Accidents in India? 

What are the Key Labour Laws Governing Workers' Rights in India? 

Labour_Laws

ILO_Conventions

What are the Challenges in Protecting Workers’ Rights in India? 

How can India Strengthen Worker Rights and Improve Safety? 

Conclusion 

Protecting worker rights needs strong laws, social security, skills training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and data-driven monitoring. Addressing these will safeguard workers, boost productivity, and advance Viksit Bharat 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How do systemic erosion and weak enforcement affect labour rights in India, and what reforms can address these gaps?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What are the main causes of workplace accidents in India? 
Outdated machinery, poor safety systems, long work hours, unregistered workers, and weak law enforcement.

2. Which laws protect industrial workers in India? 
Key laws include the Factories Act 1948, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923, ESI Act 1948, Payment of Wages Act 1936, and Minimum Wages Act 1948. 

3. How has the OSHWC Code, 2020, reformed worker safety regulations? 
It consolidates 13 labour laws to streamline safety, health, and working conditions, though full implementation is pending.

4. What measures can improve worker rights and industrial safety? 
Reinforcing legal safeguards, formalising informal workers, skill training, gender inclusion, corporate accountability, and AI-enabled monitoring.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

  1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and to allow the workers to form trade unions. 
  2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only  
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)



Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025

13-09-2025

For Prelims: Online Gaming, Real Money gaming (RMG) Industry, Digital Payment System, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA).    

For Mains: Factors leading to the rise of the gaming industry in India, Need of code of ethics and deregulating India's online gaming sector.  

Source: ET

Why in News?

The Act, passed by Parliament, encourages e-sports and online social games while prohibiting harmful online money gaming services, advertisements, and financial transactions related to them.

What is Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025?

Online Gambling

What are the Key Growth Drivers of India’s Gaming Industry ?

How is the Gaming Industry Regulated in India?

Initiative to Counter online gaming

What are the Key Concerns of India’s Online Gaming Industry and Suggest Measures to Strengthen It?

Concerns

Measures

Regulatory Ambiguity – Fragmented state laws; no clear distinction between skill-based gaming and gambling.

Establishment of a national regulatory body; strengthen self-regulatory bodies (SRBs) for clarity.

Illegal Gambling & Money Laundering – Offshore sites thriving; risks of terror financing, misuse of remittance routes.

Collaborate with banks & payment gateways to block illegal transactions; real-time monitoring; global anti-money laundering cooperation.

Addictive Behaviour – Excessive play leads to stress, financial ruin, suicidal tendencies (23% youth affected).

Introduce age-gating, spending limits, self-exclusion tools; integrate mental health support; run public awareness campaigns.

Cyberattacks – Data breaches (11 mn accounts in 2024); risks from VPN/geo-blocker bypass.

Strengthen cybersecurity with audits, encryption, intrusion detection; comply with data protection norms.

Financial Risks – Vulnerable users overspend (₹17 lakh PUBG case); Indians lose ₹20,000 cr annually.

Promote responsible gaming practices; enforce parental controls; ensure consumer protection mechanisms.

Lack of Innovation Support – Limited infrastructure and mentorship for developers.

Develop dedicated gaming hubs & incubators (models: Montreal, Singapore, South Korea) for innovation and talent growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the challenges and regulatory measures needed for the growth of the online gaming industry in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres.

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021)




Exemptions for Mineral Exploration in Forests

13-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News ?

The Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) has approved enhanced exemptions for mineral exploration drilling in forest areas, following requests from the Ministries of Coal and Mines.

Why Have Exemptions Been Provided for Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

What Concerns are Associated with Increased Mineral Exploration Drilling in Forest Regions?

Critical minerals 

India’s Initiatives for Critical Minerals:

What Should be the Sustainable Roadmap for Mineral Exploration in Forests?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Q. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ in India? (2016)

  1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts 
  2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations 
  3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licenses for mineral exploration 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



Rethinking India’s Strategy Against Aedes Mosquitoes

13-09-2025

Source: TH

Why in News? 

India faces rising dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes, yet authorities still depend on less effective fumigation. 

Why are Current Measures Against Aedes Mosquitoes Failing?

What Measures can Strengthen the Fight Against Aedes Mosquitoes?

Burden of Aedes Mosquitoes

Mosquito_brone_diseases

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Despite limited effectiveness, India continues to rely on fumigation for Aedes control? Discuss and suggest sustainable alternatives.



UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Wolbachia method is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following? (2023)

a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes

b) Converting crop residues into packing material

c) Producing biodegradable plastics

d) Producing biochar from thermochemical conversion of biomass

Ans: (a)


Q. Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (2021)

a) Congress grass

b) Elephant grass

c) Lemongrass

d) Nut grass

Ans: c



India Explores Rare-Earth Deal with Myanmar

13-09-2025

Source:IE

India is collaborating with the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) in Myanmar to secure rare-earth mineral samples, aiming to diversify its supply chain away from China.  

What are Rare Earth Minerals?

Light_and_Heavy REE

What is the Status of India on Rare Earth Elements?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims:

Q. With reference to the management of minor minerals in India, consider the following statements: (2019)

  1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country 
  2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Central Government. 
  3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)



Bills to Modernise India’s Maritime Laws

13-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Parliament passed Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 & Coastal Shipping Bill, 2025 with the aim to  modernise India’s maritime legal framework by replacing outdated colonial-era laws. 

What are the Key Provisions of the Recently Passed Maritime Bills? 

What is the State of India’s Maritime Sector?  

Key Targets Under MV2030

Government Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector 

Read More: Challenges in India’s Maritime Sector  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)

  1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.  
  2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.  

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (b)

Q. With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements: (2015)

  1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.  
  2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.  

Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018)




OMC Compensation & PMUY Subsidy Extension

13-08-2025

Source: IE

The Union Cabinet approved budgetary support to public sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs)  to cover their losses from selling LPG cylinders below international prices in FY 2024-25.  

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) 

Read More: LPG Subsidy Initiatives in India 


Harnessing AI to Shape India’s IT Leadership

13-08-2025

For Prelims: Artificial intelligence, Large Multimodal Models, Non-personal datasets,  Generative AI, MSMEs 

For Mains: Impact of AI in IT Sector, Opportunities & Challenges of AI for India's Economic Growth, Key Challenges AI Poses to India's Traditional Economy 

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Indian IT sector, a USD 280 billion industry employing 5.8 million people, is undergoing a profound shift as Artificial Intelligence transforms service delivery and business operations. This AI-driven disruption has prompted moves like TCS halting experienced hiring and cutting 12,000 jobs, sparking concerns over the future workforce and the evolving nature of IT employment. 

What are the Key Applications of AI in the IT Sector? 

What are the Key Challenges in the Indian IT Sector’s AI Adoption Journey? 

How can India's IT Sector Effectively Harness the Potential of Artificial Intelligence? 

Conclusion 

AI is a catalyst for reinvention, not a threat, for the Indian IT sector. The industry must shift from manpower-intensive outsourcing to knowledge-driven, AI-powered innovation. Firms that embrace change, invest in talent transformation, and position themselves as strategic AI partners will shape India’s technological leadership in the coming years. This vision should be a core theme at the AI Impact Summit, New Delhi, 2026.  

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the impact of AI on the IT sector. What are the opportunities and challenges, and how can India leverage AI for sustainable growth?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:

Q. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020)

  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 
  2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 
  3. Disease diagnosis 
  4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 
  5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only   

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only  

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)



MP Local Area Development Scheme

13-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Minister of State for MoSPI laid out detailed provisions of the Revised Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) Guidelines 2023 in the Parliament, for its effective utilization. 

What is the MPLADS Scheme? 

MPLAD Scheme 

What is the Monitoring Mechanism Under MPLAD Scheme? 

Agency/Body 

Functions 

Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)  

Monitors fund flow, conducts annual reviews, publishes progress reports, and ensures CAG-approved audits. 

Central Nodal Agency 

Reviews project implementation and manages audit processes. 

State/UT Governments 

Constitute monitoring committees, inspect at least 1% of works annually, and commission third-party audits for high-value projects. 

  • State/UT Governments are required to fully delegate technical, financial, and administrative sanction powers to the Implementing District Authority for expeditious execution of MP-recommended projects. 

District Authorities 

Inspect a minimum of 10% of works each year and maintain photographic documentation. 

Implementing Agencies 

Conduct site inspections and ensure 100% verification of completed works. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the funds under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), which of the following statements are correct? (2020)

  1. MPLADS funds must be used to create durable assets like physical infrastructure for health, education, etc.  
  2. A specified portion of each MP’s fund must benefit SC/ST populations.  
  3. MPLADS funds are sanctioned on a yearly basis and the unused funds cannot be carried forward to the next year.  
  4. The district authority must inspect at least 10% of all works under implementation every year.  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 and 4 only  

(c) 1, 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 4 only 

Ans: (d)



Year End Review-2025: Ministry of Culture

12-12-2025

For Prelims: Piprahwa relics Kashi Tamil Sangamam , Kamba RamayanaMaratha Military LandscapesJanjatiya Gaurav Varsh,  Gyan Bharatam  

For Mains: Heritage preservation efforts, Indian Heritage & Culture, Government Policies & Interventions

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Culture released its Year-End Review for 2025, showcasing a landmark year filled with major cultural festivals, heritage preservation efforts, and large-scale public participation.

Summary

What Were the Key Heritage Preservation Measures Undertaken by India in 2025? 

Conclusion 

The year 2025 marked a powerful resurgence of cultural pride, heritage conservation, and civilizational confidence. Through festivals, global partnerships, heritage repatriation, and knowledge preservation, the Ministry of Culture strengthened India’s cultural footprint at home and abroad while inspiring public participation on an unprecedented scale.

Drishti Mains Question:

Heritage conservation must reconcile conservation ethics and mass participation. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. Which property became India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2025? 
Maratha Military Landscapes were inscribed as India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site, enhancing India’s global rank for World Heritage properties and highlighting landscape-based military heritage. 

Q. What is Gyan Bharatam and why is it important? 
Gyan Bharatam is a national programme for manuscript preservation, digitisation and dissemination; its web portal and institutional MoUs establish a coordinated digital infrastructure to safeguard India’s manuscript knowledge legacy. 

Q. How did the Ministry link heritage to livelihoods in 2025? 
Through initiatives like Kalagram, Sewa Parv and the Tribal Business Conclave, the Ministry promoted artisanship, created market linkages and organised capacity-building forums to translate heritage into sustainable livelihoods. 



Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025

12-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025 under the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 to simplify corneal transplantation protocols and promote equitable access to organ and tissue transplantation services across India.

What are the Key Highlights of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025? 

Significance 

Cornea

What is Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994? 

National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP) 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994? 
THOTA, 1994 is the central law regulating removal, storage and transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes and prohibiting commercial dealings in organs. 

2. What are the key highlights of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025? 
The 2025 Rules remove the mandatory clinical specular microscope requirement for corneal centres, easing infrastructure hurdles and improving access to corneal transplantation especially in smaller and rural centres. 

3. What is the National Organ Transplant Programme (NOTP)? 
NOTP is the Government of India’s programme to promote organ and tissue donation nationwide via NOTTO (national), ROTTOs (regional) and SOTTOs (state), tissue banks, training, funding and awareness campaigns. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Consider the following statements: (2020)

  1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent. 
  2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. 
  3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b)  2 and 3 only 

(c) 2 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)  

Q. With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given below are correct? (2012) 

  1. Different kinds of specialised surgical instruments were in common use by the 1st century AD. 
  2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body had begun by the beginning of the 3rd century AD. 
  3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in 5th century AD. 
  4. The concept of cyclic quadrilaterals was known in 7th century AD. 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c) 



Isobutanol Blending with Diesel

12-09-2025

Source: TH

India is now exploring isobutanol blending with diesel after unsuccessful ethanol-diesel trials, highlighting the government’s push for biofuels to support farmers, reduce oil imports, and ensure sustainable energy use.

Read more: India Achieves 20% Ethanol Blending in Petrol



India-Mauritius Relations

12-09-2025

For Prelims: Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement, AIKEYME, African Continental Free Trade Area, Agaléga Island

For Mains: Significance of India-Mauritius Relations in the changing Indo-Pacific dynamics, India’s Neighbourhood First Policy and its regional implications.

Source:HT

Why in News? 

During Mauritius Prime Minister’s visit to Varanasi, India was described as a trusted partner in Mauritius’ socio-economic development and as having steadfastly supported it at all times.

Mauritius

What are the Key Outcomes of Mauritius PM’s Visit to India?

How are India’s Relations with Mauritius?

What is the Significance of the Bilateral Relationship Between India and Mauritius?

Significance of Mauritius for India

Significance of India for Mauritius

What are the Challenges in India-Mauritius Relations?

What Should be the Way Forward to Strengthen Ties Between India and Mauritius?

Conclusion

India-Mauritius ties are a strategic, economic, and cultural partnership, with India supporting development and security, and Mauritius playing a key role in MAHASAGAR. Strengthening trade, sustainability, and diaspora engagement will ensure a resilient, mutually beneficial relationship.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the strategic and economic significance of Mauritius for India in the context of the MAHASAGAR initiative. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims:

Q. A great deal of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to India comes from Mauritius than from many major and mature economies like UK and France. Why? (2010)

(a) India has preference for certain countries as regards receiving FDI 

(b) India has double taxation avoidance agreement with Mauritius 

(c) Most citizens of Mauritius have ethnic identity with India and so they feel secure to invest in India 

(d) Impending dangers of global climatic change prompt Mauritius to make huge investments in India. 

Ans: (b)

Mains:

Q. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of Indian government to improve relationships with its neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss. (2015)



Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges of GM Crops

12-07-2025

For Prelims: Genetically modified (GM) Mustard, Genetically Modified crops, Bt cotton, Drought-tolerant maize varieties, Golden Rice, C4 rice, Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee, Environment Protection Act,1986, Intellectual Property Rights 

For Mains: Regulatory Framework for GM Crops in India, Benefits and Issues Related to GM Crops 

Source: FE 

Why in News?

Amid ongoing trade negotiations, the US is pushing India to open its agriculture market to genetically modified (GM) crops. However, India has firmly stated that agriculture and dairy are 'sacrosanct red lines,' warning that allowing GM crop imports could threaten farmers' livelihoods and food safety. 

What are Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Regulatory _Framework_on_GMO

GMO

What is the Status of GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What are the Key Benefits of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops? 

Benefits_Of_GM_Crops 

What are the Key Challenges in GM Crop Adoption in India? 

What Measures Should be Taken for Responsible Adoption of GM Crops in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s GM crop journey, marked by the success of Bt cotton and a prolonged policy deadlock reflects the tension between scientific potential and regulatory hesitation. In the face of climate challenges, nutritional deficiencies, and trade vulnerabilities, a science-driven, farmer-focused, and innovation-enabling approach is essential. As former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee rightly said, “What IT is to India, BT is to Bharat”, a vision that must now be translated into action.

Drishti Mains Question

How can genetically modified crops contribute to India’s food and nutritional security amid climate change and growing population? Evaluate the potential and risks associated with their widespread adoption. 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012) 

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of (2021) 

(a) clonal propagation of crop plants 

(b) developing genetically modified crop plants 

(c) production of plant growth substances 

(d) production of biofertilizers 

Ans: (b) 


Mains 

Q. How can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers? (2019)




World Population Day 2025 and India's Youth

12-07-2025

For Prelims: World Population Day, Demographic Dividend, National Youth Policy 2014, Startup India, National Service Scheme (NSS), Unemployment, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana.                   

For Mains: Opportunities and challenges related to the youth population in India, Steps needed to empower them. 

Source: TH   

Why in News? 

World Population Day, observed on 11th July, was established by the UN in 1989 to raise awareness about population issues and reproductive health rights. 

What is the Status of Youth in India? 

What Opportunities Does India's Youth Population Present? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by Youth in India? 

Government’s Initiatives Related to Youth 

What Steps Should Be Taken to Empower Youth in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s youth, the world’s largest, offer a transformative demographic dividend. To harness this potential, India must address challenges like unemployment, mental health, and gender gaps while boosting education, skills, and innovation. Strategic policies and inclusive growth can empower youth to drive India’s global rise, ensuring sustainable development and equitable progress. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the challenges faced by India’s youth in realizing their full potential. Suggest measures to convert these challenges into opportunities.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims 

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013)

(a) large number of people remain unemployed  

(b) alternative employment is not available  

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero  

(d) productivity of workers is low  

Ans: (c) 


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)

Q. The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favor of your answer. (2015)



Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan

12-01-2026

For Prelims: Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat AbhiyanUN Sustainable Development GoalArticle 21UNICEF 

For Mains: Child marriage as a social and developmental challenge in India, Socio-economic determinants of child marriage

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Union government recently marked one year of the Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (BVMB) by launching a nationwide 100-day awareness campaign, reaffirming India’s commitment to the United Nations target of ending child marriage by 2030. 

Summary 

What is Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan?

What is Child Marriage? 

What are the India’s Initiatives to Curb Child Marriage? 

What are the Key Challenges in Ending Child Marriage in India and Measures to Eliminate It?

Child marriage continues because children remain trapped in CHAIN of poverty, patriarchy, and weak institutions. Breaking these constraints requires a BREAK-based strategy focused on education, enforcement, economic security, awareness, and protection. 

Challenges (CHAIN)

Way Forward (BREAK)

Cultural Norms & Traditions: Social acceptance of early marriage, driven by honour, caste norms, and child betrothals, remains a major challenge as it normalises the practice and weakens legal enforcement. 

 

Boost Girls’ Education: Schemes like Samagra Shiksha and the National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education improve retention in secondary schooling, the strongest deterrent to early marriage (NFHS-5). 

Household Poverty: Economic insecurity push families to view early marriage as a survival strategy to reduce financial burden and dowry-related pressures 

Reform and Strengthen Enforcement: The proposal to raise the minimum age of marriage for women to 21 years seeks to promote higher education, skill development, labour force participation, and further discourage child marriages. 

  • The BVMB strengthens enforcement through full-time CMPOs, district monitoring, and real-time reporting

Access Gaps in Education: Limited access to quality secondary education and high dropout rates increase vulnerability to child marriage, especially among rural and marginalised girls. 

 

Economic Support to Families: Livelihood and social security schemes such as DAY-NRLM and National Social Assistance Programme reduce poverty-driven early marriages by stabilising household incomes. 

Ineffective Implementation of Laws: Weak enforcement of child marriage laws, overburdened officials, and low conviction rates dilute deterrence and allow the practice to continue unchecked.

Awareness and Community Ownership: Programmes like Poshan Abhiyaan and Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram leverage Anganwadis and peer educators to change norms and delay marriage.

Normative Gender Inequality: Deep-rooted gender inequality restricts girls’ autonomy and prioritises early marriage over education, reinforcing patriarchal control over female sexuality. 

  • Fears of harassment, violence, or social backlash compel families to marry girls early as a perceived means of protection. 

Keep girls Safe and Empowered: Initiatives such as Mission Shakti and the Scheme for Adolescent Girls strengthen safety, life skills, and health support, enabling girls to resist early marriage.

Conclusion 

India’s fight against child marriage has evolved from early social reform movements led by Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Mahatma Jyotirao Phule to a robust legal and institutional framework. Contemporary initiatives like BVMB build on this legacy through prevention, technology, and community action. With sustained collective effort, India can realise a child marriage–free future aligned with dignity, equality, and development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Despite legal prohibition, child marriage persists in India. Examine the socio-economic and institutional factors responsible and suggest a way forward. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan? 
A national campaign launched in 2024 to eliminate child marriage by 2030 through prevention, community engagement, and technology-enabled monitoring.

2. Which law primarily governs child marriage in India? 
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, which defines legal age, provides penalties, and enables prevention mechanisms.

3. What did the Supreme Court rule in 2024 on child marriage? 
It banned child betrothals, emphasised prevention over punishment, and directed States to strengthen institutional enforcement.

4. What does NFHS data reveal about child marriage in India? 
Child marriage declined to 23.3% (2019–21) but remains high among poorer, less-educated, and certain regional populations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (2016).

Q. Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? (2020) 



Census 2027

12-01-2026

Source: IE 

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified the commencement of house-listing operations for Census of India 2027, marking the start of preparations for the 16th Census, the first nationwide census exercise since 2011. 

Key Highlights of Census 2027 

Census

Read More: Caste Census in India: Need and Challenges 


PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

11-12-2025

Source: PIB 

The PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PM-DDKY) – FPO Sangam was successfully hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, with over 72 Farmers Producer Organisation (FPO)s from 15 states participating. 

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana 

PMDDKY

PMDDKY_vs_Other_Schemes

Read MorePrime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) 


Strengthening the National Commission for Minorities

11-12-2025

For Prelims: National Commission for Minorities (NCM)Statutory BodyQuasi-judicial PowersMinorityCensus 2011High CourtNCSCNCST.

For Mains: National Commission for Minorities, Challenges Faced by it and steps needed to strengthen it.

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Minority Affairs has not committed to any timeline for filling the long-pending vacancies in the National Commission for Minorities (NCM), even after the Delhi High Court sought a response from the government over the delay 

What is the National Commission for Minorities (NCM)? 

Removal_of_NCM_Chairperson_or_Member

Who are Considered Minorities in India, and What Constitutional Safeguards are Provided to Them? 

Minorities_Population

Constitutional_Safeguards_for_Minorities

What are the Major Challenges Faced by the National Commission for Minorities (NCM)? 

What Measures can Strengthen Functioning of the National Commission for Minorities? 

Conclusion 

The chronic vacancies and structural weaknesses plaguing the NCM have crippled its constitutional mandate to protect minority rightsUrgent reforms, including timely appointmentslegislative empowerment, and enhanced autonomy, are essential to restore its credibility as an effective watchdog and safeguard India's pluralistic fabric. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "The protection of minority rights is a cornerstone of a vibrant democracy." In light of this statement, critically examine the constitutional safeguards for minorities in India and the efficacy of the National Commission for Minorities in enforcing them.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the National Commission for Minorities (NCM)? 
A statutory body under the NCM Act, 1992, to safeguard minority rights, with a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and five Members nominated by the Central Government. 

Q. Which communities are officially recognized as minorities under the NCM Act, 1992? 
Six religious communities are notified: Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Jains. Jains were added in 2014. 

Q. What is the population share of minorities in India? 
According to Census 2011, minorities constitute approximately 19.3% of India’s total population. 

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages is it entitled to? (2011)

  1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.
  2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.   
  3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister’s 15-Point Programme.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only   

(c) 1 and 3 only    

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (c)

Q. What was the exact constitutional status of India on 26th January, 1950? (2021)  

(a) A Democratic Republic    

(b) A Sovereign Democratic Republic    

(c) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic    

(d) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic    

Ans: (b)

Q. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is (2020)

(a) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect    

(b) not a part of the Constitution and has no legal effect either    

(c) a part of the Constitution and has the same legal effect as any other part    

(d) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect independently of other parts    

Ans: (d) 


Mains 

Q. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine. (2018)



Legal Aid in India

11-11-2025

For Prelims: National Legal Services DayArticle 21National Legal Services AuthorityLok AdalatsDISHA scheme 

For Mains: Constitutional basis of free legal aid, Access to justice for vulnerable groups, Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

Source: IE 

Why in News?

The Chief Justice of India stressed that “legal aid is not charity but a moral duty” and “a crucial aspect of governance, ensuring the rule of law reaches every corner of the country”. He made these remarks at the National Conference on Strengthening Legal Aid Delivery Mechanisms. 

National_Legal_Services_Day

What is the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987? 

DPSP_Fundamental_Rights

Institutional Framework 

Legal_Services_Authorities

What are the Key Initiatives/Institutes Supporting the Vision of Accessible Legal Aid?

Key Initiatives 

DISHA

Institutions Supporting the Vision  

What are the Challenges in India’s Legal Aid Delivery? 

What Reforms are Needed to Advance Legal Aid Delivery in India? 

Conclusion 

India aims to make justice accessible for all. Free legal aid, Lok Adalats, fast-track courts, and awareness drives have helped crores of people, especially the vulnerable, seek timely and affordable justice.

Drishti Mains Question: 

Legal aid is not charity but governance. Discuss, with reference to the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987? 
It operationalises equal justice and free legal aid, aligned with Articles 14, 21 and 22, creating legal services authorities like National Legal Services Authority for nationwide legal aid and ADR via Lok Adalats. 

2. Who is eligible for free legal services under Section 12? 
Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) members, victims of trafficking/begar, all women and children, persons with mental illness/disabilities, disaster/atrocity victims, industrial workmen, persons in custody, and low-income individuals. 

3. What are the flagship schemes supporting legal aid delivery? 
Legal Aid Defense Counsel System for criminal defence, DISHA with Tele-Law, Nyaya Bandhu for literacy, pro bono and digital outreach; PLV training for last-mile support. 

4. What are the major legal aid delivery challenges identified? 
Poor policy continuity, uneven quality of representation, weak grassroots integration, low specialised capacity, digital divide, and output-heavy but outcome-light monitoring.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to National Legal Services Authority, consider the following statements: (2013)

  1. Its objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity. 
  2. It issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programmes and schemes throughout the country. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority(NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India (2023) 



Co-Op Kumbh 2025

11-11-2025

Source: IE 

The Union Minister of Cooperation inaugurated ‘Co-Op Kumbh 2025’, an international conference on the future of India’s urban cooperative banking sector, and adopted the Delhi Declaration 2025. 

Key Outcomes 

Key Achievements in Cooperative Sector 

Read More: Amul Ranks as the World's Top Cooperative in GDP Per Capita 


Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone

11-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

India has notified the Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This major step supports India’s Blue Economy vision and fulfills the Union Budget 2025–26 announcement to build a sustainable deep-sea fisheries framework. 

What are the Rules for Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the EEZ? 

ReALCRaft Portal 

What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)? 
The EEZ extends up to 200 nautical miles under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), granting the coastal state sovereign rights over exploration, conservation and management of living and non-living resources 

2. What are the core features of the new Exclusive Economic Zone Rules? 
They prioritise Fishermen Cooperative Societies and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations, prohibit harmful practices such as LED-light fishing, pair trawling, and introduce a digital Access Pass through the ReALCRaft portal. 

3. What is ReALCRaft Portal? 
It is a national online platform of the Department of Fisheries that enables vessel registration, licensing, ownership transfer, and related services, improving ease of doing business for fishers and coastal States/UTs. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022)

  1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
  2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
  3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: D 



Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)

11-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Over the past 10 years, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) has become a cornerstone of India’s sustainable agriculture initiatives.  

What is Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana?

Assistance_Provided_under_PMVY_Scheme

What are the Types of Organic Certification in India? 

Organic_Certification_in_India 

Read More: Natural Farming 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? (2021) 

  1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 
  2. Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 
  3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 
  4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 3 
(b) 1, 2 and 4 
(c) 4 only 
(d) 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? (2012) 

(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops 
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field 
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together 
(d) None of the above 

Ans: (c) 



Should the 50% Reservation Cap Be Raised?

11-09-2025

For Prelims: Reservation, Article 14, Article 15, Article 16, economically weaker sections (EWS)Supreme Court of India, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes

For Mains: Reservation, Challenges and Way Forward

Source: TH

Why in News?

Bihar’s Opposition leader has proposed increasing quotas to 85% if voted to power, while the Supreme Court has sought the Centre’s response on applying the 'creamy layer' concept to SCs and STs. 

What are the Key Provisions Related to Reservations in India?

Formal Equality Vs Substantive Equality

What are the Arguments For and Against Exceeding the 50% Reservation Cap?

Arguments For 

Arguments Against 

Demographic Justification: Backward classes (OBCs, SCs, STs) constitute over 60% of India’s population, and the current 50% ceiling limits proportional representation.

Legal Constraints: The SC in Indra Sawhney (1992) reaffirmed the 50% ceiling to balance merit and social justice, allowing exceptions only in extraordinary circumstances.

Addressing Unequal Benefits: The Rohini Commission (2017-23) found 97% of OBC benefits go to 25% of sub-castes; raising quotas and introducing sub-categorisation could correct this imbalance.

Implementation Challenges: 40–50% of reserved seats remain unfilled, indicating that raising quotas without improving implementation will not increase representation.

Promoting Substantive Equality: The SC in State of Kerala vs. N.M. Thomas (1975) stated that reservations are a continuation of equality, not an exception, and should not be limited by numerical caps.

Creamy Layer Concerns: As the Davinder Singh (2024) case emphasized, intra-caste inequalities within SCs and STs must be addressed. Expanding reservations without excluding the creamy layer could worsen disparities.

State-Level Precedent: States like Tamil Nadu, Haryana, and Maharashtra have implemented reservations beyond 50%, reflecting the need to adapt policies to social realities.

Administrative Efficiency: Raising quotas excessively could compromise administrative efficiency by sidelining merit, potentially affecting governance.

What Measures Can be Taken for Effective Implementation of Reservation in India?

Conclusion

The reservation debate balances formal equality (equal treatment) with substantive equality (correcting historical disadvantages). While exceeding the 50% cap is constitutionally sensitive, it reflects demands for greater inclusion. Effective implementation requires data-driven policies, sub-categorisation, and focus on marginalised groups, complemented by skill development, to ensure reservations empower rather than exclude.

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically examine the role of reservation in promoting social justice in India. How can its benefits be made more equitable?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question:

Prelims

Q. Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (2023)

  1. The National Commission for Backward Classes
  2. The National Human Rights Commission
  3. The National Law Commission
  4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

How many of the above constitutional bodies?

(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four

Ans: (a)

Mains:

Q. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs). (2017)



Eklavya Model Residential Schools

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

Several students from Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) have cracked medical & engineering entrance exams.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) 

Other Initiatives for Tribal Education 

Read More: Recruitment Concerns in Eklavya Model 



Empowering States Through Science

11-07-2025

For Prelims: National Institution for Transforming India, Department of Science and Technology, Intellectual property, National Mission on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 

For Mains: Role of State S&T Councils in India's innovation ecosystem, Importance of decentralisation in research and innovation, Challenges and reforms in India’s grassroots innovation system 

Source: PIB

Why in News?

National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), in its report “ A Roadmap for Strengthening State Science and Technology (S&T) Councils”, has called for reforms in the funding and governance of State S&T Councils. 

What is the Role of State S&T Councils in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Faced by State S&T Councils? 

Success Stories of  State S&T Councils 

What are the Key Reforms Suggested by NITI Aayog to Strengthen SSTCs? 

NITI_Aayog

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the role of State Science and Technology Councils in promoting decentralised scientific governance in India. Highlight the key challenges they face in fulfilling this mandate.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims: 

Q.1 Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015) 

  1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government. 
  2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (a) 

Q2. For outstanding contribution to which one of the following fields is Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize given? (2009) 

(a) Literature 

(b) Performing Arts 

(c) Science 

(d) Social Service 

Ans: (c) 

Q3. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) 

(a) Department of Science and Technology 

(b) Ministry of Labour and Employment 

(c) NITI Aayog 

(d) Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)



Aadi KARMAYOGI and TALASH

11-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has launched the first Regional Process Lab (RPL) under the Aadi KARMAYOGI, which focuses on strengthening local governance. 

What is Aadi KARMAYOGI? 

What is TALASH? 

Note: Tamanna (Try And Measure Aptitude And Natural Abilities) is an aptitude test developed by NCERT and Central Board of Secondary Education under the Ministry of Education. It helps students of Classes IX and X understand their strengths across various dimensions.  

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.  
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.  
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.  
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

(a) 1, 2 and 3  

(b) 2, 3 and 4  

(c) 1, 2 and 4  

(d) 1, 3 and 4  

Ans: C 



Indigenous MALE Drones

11-07-2025

Source: TH 

India is accelerating the procurement of 87 indigenously developed Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drones, featuring at least 60% indigenous content, to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and strengthen surveillance along its sea and land borders. 

India’s Indigenous Drones 

Drone Name 

Key Features 

Lakshya 

Target drone for reconnaissance and target acquisition; rocket-launched, turbojet-powered. 

Nishant 

Multi-mission UAV; day/night capable; used for surveillance, target tracking, and artillery fire correction. 

RUSTOM-1 

Short Range Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (SR-RPAS, 800 kg class); performs ISR, target acquisition, and image exploitation. 

TAPAS/Rustom-2 

MALE UAV developed for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) roles. 

Archer 

Weaponized short-range UAV; for reconnaissance, surveillance, and low-intensity conflict. 

Note: All the above mentioned drones have been developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).  

Read More: UAVs in Modern Warfare 


DHRUVA Framework

10-12-2025

Source:TH 

Why in News?  

The Department of Posts has prepared a draft of proposed amendments to the Post Office Act, 2023 to provide the necessary legislative backing for the Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address (DHRUVA) framework.  

What is the DHRUVA Framework? 

DIGPIN

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is DHRUVA? 
DHRUVA (Digital Hub for Reference and Unique Virtual Address) is a proposed Digital Public Infrastructure that issues tokenised digital address labels linked to a user’s descriptive address and geo-coded DIGIPIN for standardised, consent-based address sharing.

Q. What is DIGIPIN and how does it work? 
DIGIPIN is a 10-digit alphanumeric, open-source geocode developed by India Post that assigns a unique code to every 12 sq. metre block using a 16-character grid derived from latitude–longitude coordinates.

Q. How does DHRUVA protect user privacy? 
DHRUVA proposes consent-based address sharing and tokenisation, enabling users to control who accesses their descriptive address and DIGIPIN and for what duration, thereby reducing repeated disclosure of personal address information.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Aadhaar card can be used as a proof of citizenship or domicile.  
  2. Once issued, Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2  

Ans: (d)



PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

10-12-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News? 

The Parliamentary Standing Committee highlighted the slow progress of the PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, aimed at installing rooftop solar systems in one crore households by FY27. 

What is PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana? 

Eligiblity_for_PM_Surya_Ghar_Scheme

PM_Surya_Ghar_Scheme

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana? 
Launched in February 2024, it is India’s largest domestic rooftop solar scheme providing free electricity to households via rooftop solar panels. 

Q. What financial support does the scheme provide? 
Up to 40% subsidy and collateral-free low-interest loans (~7%) for rooftop solar systems up to 3 kW. 

Q. How does the scheme contribute to climate goals? 
Adds 30 GW solar capacity, reduces CO2 emissions by 720 million tonnes, and supports India’s renewable energy targets and net-zero commitment by 2070. 

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)

  1. It is a Public Limited Government Company. 
  2. It is a Non-Banking Financial Company. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2  

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)



India's Top 1% Grew its Wealth by 62% Since 2000: G20 Report

10-11-2025

For Prelims: G20G7InequalityMalnutritionIntellectual Property (IP)IPCCGlobal Minimum Corporate Tax,  IMFSpecial Drawing Rights (SDRs)Food Security,  Digital Divide.

For Mains: Findings of the G20 Report on Global Wealth Inequality, Key Drivers of inequality and its  Socio-economic and Political Consequences. Measures Needed to Tackle Inequality. 

Source: ET 

Why in News?

The G20 Committee set up by the South African G20 Presidency, found that the world’s richest 1% accumulated 41% of global wealth between 2000 and 2023. 

What are the Key Findings of the G20 Report on Global Inequality? 

Gini Index

Gini_Index

What are the Key Factors Driving Global Inequality? 

What are the Various Implications of Inequality? 

What Recommendations Has the G20 Report Made to Tackle Inequality? 

Conclusion 

The G20 report underscores that global inequality has reached emergency levels, with the richest 1% capturing disproportionate wealth. Inequality fuels poverty, health crises, economic instability, and democratic erosion. Tackling it requires progressive taxation, social protection, global coordination, and reform of trade, IP, and financial systems to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth.

Drishti Mains Question:

Examine the impact of economic liberalization, structural factors, and international trade rules on inequality in developing countries.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the share of global wealth held by the richest 1%? 
Between 2000–2024, the richest 1% captured 41% of all new wealth, while the bottom 50% received only 1%, highlighting extreme inequality. 

2. What is the Gini Index and how does India compare globally? 
The Gini Index measures income inequality (0 = perfect equality, 1 = maximum inequality). India’s Gini declined from 28.8 in 2011 to 25.5 in 2022, making it more equal than China (35.7) and the US (41.8). 

3. What is the key proposal of the 2025 G20 report to combat global inequality? 
The flagship proposal is the establishment of an International Panel on Inequality (IPI), modelled on the IPCC, to provide authoritative data and policy analysis on inequality trends. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020)



Emerging Warfare Technologies and Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation

10-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

The Defence Minister of India highlighted that future wars will be shaped by Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous systems, drones, quantum computing, and directed-energy weapons as seen in Operation Sindoor and called on entrepreneurs and startups to set new benchmarks and create India’s first defence unicorn. 

How are Emerging Technologies Transforming the Nature of Warfare? 

Why is Self-Reliance in Defence Innovation Strategically Important for India? 

What are the Key India's Initiatives Related  Defence Startups? 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Assess India’s preparedness for future warfare considering emerging technologies and domestic innovation ecosystems.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). 

1. What are the key emerging technologies shaping modern warfare? 
AI, autonomous systems, drones, cyber warfare, quantum computing, directed-energy weapons, hypersonic missiles, swarming drones, AR/VR, exoskeletons, and space-based capabilities.

2. Why is indigenous defence technology important for India? 
Ensures strategic autonomy, reduces foreign dependence, strengthens operational readiness, promotes economic growth, and enhances global defence influence. 

3. What is iDEX and its role in defence innovation? 
iDEX connects startups/MSMEs with armed forces, providing funding, procurement, and scaling support for indigenous defence technologies. 

4. What government policies support defence startups and MSMEs? 
Make in India (Defence), Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020, SRIJAN Portal, and Positive Indigenisation Lists provide funding, procurement, and regulatory support.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)    

Prelims 

Q. What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news? (2018)   

(a) An Israeli radar system    

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme    

(c) An American anti-missile system    

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea.    

Ans: (c) 

Q. In the context of the Indian defence, what is ‘Dhruv’? (2008)

(a) Aircraft-carrying warship    

(b) Missile-carrying submarine    

(c) Advanced light helicopter    

(d) Intercontinental ballistic missile    

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



CP Radhakrishnan Elected as Vice President

10-09-2025

Source: ToI

Why in News?

CP Radhakrishnan has been elected as India's 15th Vice President, defeating former Supreme Court Judge B Sudershan Reddy in the election following the resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar.

In the election Radhakrishnan secured 452 votes, while Reddy garnered 300 votes with a high voting turnout of 98.2%.

CP Radhakrishnan

What are Key Facts About the Vice President (VP) of India? 

Some Unique Facts About Office of Vice President of India

VP of India



Urban Centres as Catalysts of India's Growth

10-07-2025

For Prelims: Gross Domestic Product, Asian Development Bank, Biomass, Sustainable Development Goal 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated challenges in India, Role of cities in India’s economic growth 

Source: BL 

Why in News?  

India is undergoing a rapid urban transformation, with the urban population expected to reach 675 million by 2035 and 70 million more residents by 2045.  This rapid urbanization will shape the economic and social trajectory of India for decades to come. 

Why are Cities Central to India’s Economic Future? 

What are the Challenges Faced by Urban India? 

What are India's Initiatives for Promoting Growth and Sustainability in the Urban Sector?

What Reforms are Needed for India's Urban Future? 

Conclusion 

Indian cities are vital drivers of regional growth but face challenges in infrastructure, sustainability, and governance. Sustainable urban planning, improved public transport, and resource management are key to promoting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 (Sustainable Cities), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 10 (Reducing Inequalities), ensuring equitable urban development. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Urbanisation is both an opportunity and a challenge for India. Discuss

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Mains

Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016)

Q. Do government schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)  




Transgender Welfare in India

10-01-2026

For Prelims: TransgenderNHRCUnemploymentCensusNational Portal for Transgender PersonsParliamentTransgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019Fundamental RightsRight to PrivacyNational Council for Transgender Persons (NCTP), Election CommissionSMILE SchemeAyushman Bharat     

For Mains: Steps taken to ensure transgender welfare in India, Major challenges faced by the transgender community in India and further measures required for transgender empowerment in India. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

Recent reports highlight that trans men and gender-diverse persons assigned female at birth (AFAB) continue to face systemic discrimination, medical ignorance, and structural barriers in accessing even basic healthcare.  

Summary 

What are the Major Challenges Faced by the Transgender Community in India? 

Transgender 

LGBTQIA+_Community

What Steps have been Taken to Ensure Transgender Welfare in India? 

Judicial Interventions 

Legislative Framework 

Electoral Measures 

Welfare Schemes 

Administrative Measures 

State-Level Initiatives 

What Further Measures are Required for Transgender Empowerment in India? 

Conclusion 

Despite progressive laws and judicial mandatestransgender persons in India face systemic exclusion in healthcare, education, and the economy. True empowerment requires convergent action—rigorous legal implementationaffirmative socio-economic policies, and nationwide sensitization to translate constitutional promises into lived equality. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Despite progressive laws, transgender persons in India continue to face marginalisation. Analyse the reasons and suggest reforms.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Who is considered a transgender person under Indian law? 
A transgender person is one whose gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth, as defined under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. 

2. Which Supreme Court case recognised transgender persons as the third gender? 
NALSA v. Union of India (2014) recognised transgender persons as the third gender and extended full constitutional rights. 

3. Name two major welfare schemes for transgender persons in India. 
The SMILE Scheme (including Garima Greh shelters) for livelihood and support, and Ayushman Bharat TG Plus, which provides health insurance coverage of ₹5 lakh per year per beneficiary. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Q. In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following types of citizens? (2020)

  1. Person with an annual income of less than Rs. 1,00,000  
  2. Transgender with an annual income of less than Rs. 2,00,000  
  3. Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less than Rs. 3,00,000  
  4. All Senior Citizens  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1 and 4 only  

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (2016)



Money Laundering Issue in India

09-08-2025

For Prelims: Supreme Court, Money Laundering, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, Enforcement Directorate, Enforcement Case Information Report 

For Mains: Legal and Regulatory framework in India to combat Money Laundering, Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA), Supreme Court Judgement and its Implications

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A report submitted by the Finance Minister in the Rajya Sabha reveals that the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has taken up 5,892 cases under Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 since 2015 but secured only 15 convictions. 

What is Money Laundering? 

What are the Key Reasons for Rising Money Laundering Cases in India? 

What are the Key Consequences of Money Laundering? 

Laundromat 

What is the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002? 

Key Judicial Cases Related ED 

What Measures Should be Taken to Tackle the Issue Money Laundering? 

Conclusion 

Money laundering is a grave threat to India’s financial stability and national security. While the PMLA offers a strong legal framework, its implementation is marred by delays, misuse, and low conviction rates. Combating this menace requires legal reforms, enhanced international cooperation, and strengthened institutional accountability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss India’s institutional and legal measures to combat money laundering. What are the key challenges and the way forward? 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q1. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. (2021) 

Q2. Money laundering poses a serious threat to a country's economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace? (2013) 

Q3. India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? (2018)



MANAS Helpline

09-08-2025

Source: PIB 

The MANAS Helpline, launched in July 2024, has completed one year and received over 70,000 citizen reports on drug-related issues. 

MANAS 

India’s Framework to Fight Against Drug Menace 

Read More: Rising Drug Abuse Among Youth 


Year-End Review 2025: Department of Justice

09-01-2026

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Department of Justice's 2025 annual review highlighted its key achievements in modernizing India's legal landscape through a multi-pronged strategy focused on judicial appointments, digital transformation, legal aid expansion, and infrastructure development.

What are the Key Achievements of the Department of Justice in the Year 2025?

National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

Conclusion

The year 2025 was marked by a holistic approach that combined capacity building (judges), technological depth (eCourts), grassroots reach (Tele-Law), specialized aid (new schemes), physical infrastructure, and process efficiency (FTSCs). This multi-directional effort signifies a year of substantial progress in making justice more accessible, efficient, and inclusive for all citizens.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Assess the multifaceted initiatives undertaken by the Department of Justice in 2025 to enhance judicial capacity, legal aid, and access to justice in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Tele-Law initiative and its reach in 2025?
Tele-Law provides pre-litigation legal advice and in 2025 covered 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats across 776 districts, benefiting over 1.12 crore citizens.

2. Which key legal aid schemes were launched by NALSA in 2025?
Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana for defence personnel, Human-Wildlife Conflict Scheme, and SPRUHA Scheme for dependents of prisoners and crime victims were launched.

3. What are the major achievements of the eCourts Phase-III project in 2025?
Over 92 lakh e-filings, digitization of 579 crore pages, 3.91 crore virtual hearings, and 1,987 eSewa Kendras enhanced access and transparency in justice delivery.

4. How many Fast Track Special Courts were operationalized in 2025 and what was their impact?
774 FTSCs, including 398 POCSO courts, disposed 3,61,055 cases with an average rate of 7.41 cases/month/court, outperforming regular courts.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the following statements: (2021) 

  1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India. 
  2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither I nor 2  

Ans: (c)

Q. With reference to National Legal Services Authority, consider the following statements: (2013)

  1. Its objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity. 
  2. It issues guidelines for the State Legal Services Authorities to implement the legal programmes and schemes throughout the country. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority(NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India. (2023)

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017)



BHASHINI's Shrutlekh Multilingual Translation Tool

09-01-2026

Source: PIB

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) demonstrated Digital India BHASHINI’s AI tool, Shrutlekh, by using it for real-time multilingual speech-to-text translation during key speeches.

Shrutlekh

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read More: Tech-Driven Multilingual Inclusion in India



Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)

08-11-2025

For Prelims: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas YojanaNational Skills Qualification Framework Skill India Digital Hub 

For Mains: Skill India Mission (SIM), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana and its Significance,Skill Development

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India’s flagship skilling programme, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), is under scrutiny after the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) blacklisted 178 training partners (TPs) and training centres (TCs) over serious irregularities such as fake trainees, forged documents, and non-existent centres. 

What are the Issues Highlighted Regarding PMKVY? 

What is Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)? 

PMKVY_4.0

PMKVY_4.0

Skill India Mission (SIM) 

Skill_Development

What Measures Can Enhance the Effective Implementation of PMKVY? 

Conclusion 

PMKVY can unlock India’s demographic dividend only when skilling becomes demand-driven, industry-linked, and outcome-oriented. Strong oversight, industry-linked placements, digital systems, and inclusive access can help PMKVY translate training into real jobs and stronger livelihoods. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Critically evaluate Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) transition from enrolment-driven delivery to outcome-based skilling

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana? 
PMKVY is the Government’s flagship scheme (2015) offering free short-term skill training and RPL certification to boost youth employability. 

2. What is the Skill India Mission? 
Skill India Mission is a nationwide effort to skill, reskill, and upskill youth through schemes like PMKVY, Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS), and the Jan Shikshan Sansthan  to build a job-ready workforce. 

3. What key challenges under PMKVY were flagged? 
Fake centres, fake attendance, fund misuse, weak monitoring, poor transparency, and training disruption after 178 TPs/TCs were blacklisted. 

4. What measures improve PMKVY effectiveness? 
Biometric/geo-tagged attendance, third-party audits, outcome-linked payments, stronger industry ties, and transparent public dashboards. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.   
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.   
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.   

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3   

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016)



Passive Euthanasia in India

08-10-2025

For Prelims:  Euthanasia, Article 21, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 

For Mains: Constitutional Right to Die with Dignity under Article 21,Ethical principles in medical decision-making: Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice

Source:TH

Why in News?

In June 2025, the UK’s House of Commons passed the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill, which allows passive euthanasia and has now revived the global debate on the right to die with dignity.  

What is Euthanasia?

Did you Know?

What are the Ethical Perspectives of Euthanasia?

Why is there a Need to Reform Passive Euthanasia in India?

What Reforms are Needed for Passive Euthanasia in India?

Conclusion

Reforming passive euthanasia is crucial to make the law workable, ethical, and aligned with India’s constitutional commitment to dignity in dying, bridging the gap between legal recognition and practical access.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Examine the ethical and legal challenges surrounding passive euthanasia in India and suggest reforms to ensure the constitutional promise of dignity in death

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is passive euthanasia?
    Passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-support or medical treatment from terminally ill patients, allowing natural death while protecting the right to die with dignity.
  2. Is active euthanasia legal in India?
    No. Active euthanasia is illegal under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) as it is considered culpable homicide or murder.
  3. Which Supreme Court cases recognised passive euthanasia in India? 
    Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011) and Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) established legal recognition of passive euthanasia and living wills.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (2018) 

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.  

(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.  

(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.  

(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.  

Ans: (C)


Mains

Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care.Discuss.(2020)



WHO Classified Hepatitis D as Carcinogenic

08-08-2025

Source: IE

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reclassified Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) as carcinogenic. 

Hepatitis 

Hepatitis

Read More: Global Hepatitis Report 2024World Hepatitis Day

 



Ayush Export Promotion Council

08-01-2026

Source: PIB

Recently, the Ayush Export Promotion Council (AYUSHEXCIL) observed its 4th Establishment Anniversary on 4th January 2026. 

Read more: AYUSH Sector's Growth 


Indian Railways’ Electrification Drive

08-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Indian Railways has electrified 99.2% of its Broad Gauge (1.676 metre distance between the inner faces of the two parallel rail lines) network, covering 69,427 Route Kilometres (RKMs) out of 70,001 RKMs as of November 2025, aligning infrastructure growth with sustainability. 

Pace_of_Railway_Electrification Electrified_Railway_Network

Benefits_of_Railway_Electrification

Read More: Reforming Indian Railways 


Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: India’s Third Cheetah Site

07-11-2025

Source: IE 

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) in Madhya Pradesh is being prepared as India’s third cheetah site.  

Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary 

Nauradehi_Wildlife_Sanctuary

Read more: Project Cheetah and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary 


Female Labour Force Participation in India

07-10-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

India’s female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) has seen a significant rise in recent years. While this seems promising for gender equality, a closer look reveals persistent challenges in employment quality, wages, and sectoral distribution for women. 

What are the Trends in Female Labour Force Participation in India? 

What Structural Constraints Continue to Undermine Women’s Labour Market Outcomes? 

How can India Transform Rise in FLFPR into Qualitative Economic Inclusion? 

Conclusion 

India’s rising female labour force participation reflects resilience, not necessarily empowerment. True progress lies in turning this quantitative surge into quality employment, fair wages, and equal access to opportunities. Achieving this transformation is central to SDG 5: Gender Equality, ensuring women’s full and effective participation in economic life. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

Rising female labour participation in India reflects resilience, not empowerment. Discuss with reference to the quality of women’s employment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)? 
As per Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023–24, India’s FLFPR stands at 41.7%, up from 23.3% in 2017–18. 

2. Which group has driven the rise in FLFPR? 
The increase is primarily led by rural women, often entering the workforce due to economic distress and household income needs. 

3. What sectors dominate women’s employment in India? 
Around 76.9% of rural women remain in agriculture, with declining participation in industry and services. 

4. Why is the rise in FLFPR seen as distress-driven? 
Most new work is in unpaid or self-employment, indicating economic compulsion rather than formal job creation. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims

Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (2013) 

(a) large number of people remain unemployed   

(b) alternative employment is not available   

(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero   

(d) productivity of workers is low   

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements. (2023)  

Q. “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)  

Q. “While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability.” What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain.  (2014)



People’s Plan Campaign (PPC) 2025–26

07-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Panchayati Raj launched the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC) 2025–26: “Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas” across all States and Union Territories.  

What is the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)? 

People’s_Plan_Campaign

What is the Role of Panchayats in India’s Development Framework? 

What are the Key Challenges and Actionable Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of PPC? 

Challenges

Actionable Strategies

  • Train Panchayat officials and facilitators through State Institutes of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (SIRD&PRs).
  • Panchayats earn only 1% of their revenue through taxes. The majority of their revenue comes from grants provided by the Centre and the States.  
  • Limited OSR reduces autonomy in implementing development priorities. 
  • Some regions have also reported non-receipt of funds under key schemes, impacting their functioning.
  • Incentivize OSR mobilization and performance-linked grants recommended by the 15th Finance Commission.
  • Poor connectivity in remote areas hampers e-governance and real-time monitoring via platforms like eGramSwaraj.
  • Expand BharatNet, digital infrastructure, train stakeholders on eGramSwaraj, Panchayat NIRNAY, and Meri Panchayat App.
  • Multi-departmental convergence remains weak, affecting holistic planning.

 

Conclusion 

The People’s Plan Campaign is strengthening decentralization by combining community participation with digital planning. PPC 2025–26 can make Panchayati Raj more transparent, inclusive, and accountable, driving equitable rural growth and advancing India’s vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How does the People’s Plan Campaign strengthen participatory governance at the Panchayat level?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): 

1. What is the People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)? 
The PPC, launched in 2018, is a nationwide initiative promoting participatory, transparent, and accountable local governance through Gram, Block, and District Panchayat Development Plans. 

2. Which constitutional provision empowers Panchayats under PPC? 
Article 243G of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 empowers Panchayats to plan and implement programs for economic development and social justice at the local level. 

3. What digital tools are used in PPC 2025–26 for planning and monitoring? 
Platforms like eGramSwaraj, Panchayat NIRNAY, Meri Panchayat App, along with Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) and SabhaSaar, support planning, progress assessment, and community engagement. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017) 

(a) Federalism 

(b) Democratic decentralisation 

(c) Administrative delegation 

(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b) 

Q. The fundamental object of Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development 
  2. Political accountability 
  3. Democratic decentralisation 
  4. Financial mobilisation 

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains 

Q. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022)

Q. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)

Q. In absence of a well-educated and organised local level government system,`Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (2015)



Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme

07-01-2026

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme for Semiconductors has shown strong on-ground outcomes, highlighting rapid progress in building a self-reliant semiconductor design ecosystem amid global supply-chain vulnerabilities. 

What are the Key Facts About the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme? 

Semiconductor

Key Institutional Frameworks for Semiconductor Design in India 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme? 
It is a central government scheme implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology under the Semicon India Programme to promote indigenous semiconductor chip design via incentives and shared infrastructure.

2. Why is the DLI Scheme necessary for India? 
Design and IP contribute over half of a chip’s value, up to 50% value addition, and 20–50% of BOM, while fabless firms drive ~30–35% of global sales—making indigenous design critical for competitiveness and security.

3. Who is eligible under the DLI Scheme? 
Startups (DPIIT)MSMEs, and domestic companies owned by resident Indian citizens as per FDI norms, enabling participation across enterprise maturity.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims: 

Q. Which one of the following laser types is used in a laser printer? (2008)

(a) Dye laser 
(b) Gas laser 
(c) Semiconductor laser 
(d) Excimer laser 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission. (2025)



Operation ‘WeedOut’

06-11-2025

Source: PIB 

Operation ‘WeedOut’ by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) at Mumbai Airport seized high-grade hydroponic cannabis smuggled from Bangkok under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985. 

Read more: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 


India’s First Cooperative Compressed Biogas Plant

06-10-2025

Source: PIB 

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation inaugurated India’s first cooperative multi-feed Compressed Biogas (CBG) plant in Kopargaon, Maharashtra. 

Feature 

CBG (Compressed Biogas) 

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) 

Source 

Produced from biomass and organic waste. 

Extracted from fossil fuels (natural gas fields) 

Environmental Impact 

Eco-friendly, reduces air pollution (e.g., stubble burning), utilizes waste, supports circular economy 

Cleaner than petrol/diesel but fossil fuel-based, contributes to greenhouse gas emissions if not captured efficiently. 

Dependence on Imports 

Can be produced domestically from local biomass, reducing import dependence 

Import dependency in the case of natural gas was at 50.8% in FY25, increasing foreign dependence 

Commercial Viability 

Supports rural employment and renewable energy initiatives 

Conventional energy source, limited scope for rural livelihood creation 

Read more: India's Green Future through BioCNG 


Environment Audit Rules, 2025

06-09-2025

Source: PIB

Why in News?

 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Audit Rules, 2025 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to establish a comprehensive framework for environmental accountability across India. 

What are the Key Features of the Environment Audit Rules, 2025?

Key_Regulatory_Stakeholders_Environment_ Audit Rules

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? (2012) 

  1. Global warming 
  2. Fragmentation of habitat 
  3. Invasion of alien species 
  4. Promotion of vegetarianism 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (a)


Q2. Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: (2011) 

  1. Soil formation 
  2. Prevention of soil erosion 
  3. Recycling of waste 
  4. Pollination of crops 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)



Bioproducts

06-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under its BioE3 Policy, is setting up 16 biomanufacturing hubs across India to boost domestic production of bioproducts such as APIs, biofuel enzymes, reagents for biofertilizers.

What are Bioproducts?

Bioproducts

Government Initiatives Related to Biotechnology

Did You Know?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012)

  1. To enable them to withstand drought 
  2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 
  3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 
  4. To increase their shelf life 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only 
(b) 3 and 4 only 
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)



AI in Public Service Delivery

06-08-2025

Source: IE 

Why in News?  

India’s first Artificial intelligence (AI) powered Anganwadi was launched in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra.  

How can AI Aid in Public Service Delivery? 

AI

Conclusion 

AI’s integration into India’s public service delivery enhances efficiency, inclusivity, and accessibility, improving governance. Through initiatives like the IndiaAI Mission, India is advancing towards a more transparent, citizen-centric system, positioning itself as a global leader in AI-powered governance. 

Drishti Mains Question:

How is Artificial Intelligence reshaping public service delivery in India? Illustrate with examples.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (2023)

Q. E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. (2018) 




Skill Impact Bonds

06-08-2025

Source: TOI 

Why in News? 

As India strives for economic growth and inclusive development, innovative models like the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) are emerging to address key challenges in skilling and employment, especially among marginalized communities and women.

What is the Skill Impact Bond (SIB)? 

SIB

What is the Status of Skill Development in India? 

What are the Key Challenges Hindering Skill Development in India? 

Key Skill Development Schemes and Initiatives  

What Measures Should be Taken to Reform India’s Skilling Ecosystem? 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the significance of the Skill Impact Bond (SIB) initiative in reimagining India’s skilling ecosystem. How does it promote gender empowerment and innovation in outcome-based financing?

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Prelims

Q. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.  
  2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, and financial and digital literacy.  
  3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only  

(b) 2 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016) 

Q: “Earn while you learn" scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment (2021)



Jhodia Community and Soura Language

06-02-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, Odisha’s proposal to include the Jhodia community in the Schedule Tribe list and the demand for Soura language inclusion came into focus after the Centre informed the Lok Sabha that the proposal was not supported by the Office of the Registrar General of India (ORGI) and was referred back to the State. 

Jhodia Community 

Soura (Sora) Language 

Read more: Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution 


Defence in Union Budget 2026–27

06-02-2026

For Prelims: Union Budget 2026–27Operation Sindoor Border Roads Organisation,Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme,  System for Pension Administration Raksha 

For Mains: Defence Budget and National Security Preparedness, Capital vs Revenue Expenditure in Defence, Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence Manufacturing

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

The Union Budget 2026–27 has drawn sharp attention for giving the highest-ever allocation of Rs 7.85 lakh crore to the defence sector, signalling India’s strategic focus on military modernisation, indigenous manufacturing and veterans’ welfare.  

Summary

How does the Union Budget 2026–27 Advance Defence Modernisation and Self-reliance? 

India’s Initiatives Related to Defence Indigenisation

What are the Key Challenges in India’s Defence Modernisation Despite Higher Allocations? 

What Measures are Needed to Strengthen India's Defence Preparedness? 

Conclusion 

The Union Budget 2026–27 reflects a decisive shift towards building a modern, self-reliant and innovation-driven defence ecosystem. With sustained investments in indigenous manufacturing, research and strategic infrastructure, alongside strong support for veterans, the budget aligns defence preparedness with India’s long-term development goals and the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the structural constraints limiting India’s defence modernisation despite increased capital expenditure.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. Why is the Union Budget 2026–27 significant for the defence sector?
It provides the highest-ever defence allocation, focusing on modernisation, indigenous manufacturing and veterans’ welfare after recent operational experience.

2. How does the budget promote defence modernisation?
By increasing capital allocation for advanced platforms, strategic infrastructure and network-centric warfare capabilities.

3. What measures support Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence?
Priority to domestic procurement, reservation of capital acquisitions for Indian firms, and incentives for defence manufacturing and MRO activities.

4. What are the key challenges in defence modernisation?
High revenue expenditure, slow procurement cycles, import dependence, currency depreciation and persistent capability gaps.

5. Why is Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 criticised?
Due to prolonged procurement timelines, delays in strategic projects and inability to keep pace with rapid technological changes.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Mains

Q. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the defence sector is now set to be liberalized: What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? (2014)

Q. “Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples. (2016)

Q. The terms ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical Strikes’ are often used in connection with armed action against terrorist attacks. Discuss the strategic impact of such actions. (2016)



Govt Lifts Import Curbs on Low Ash Metallurgical Coke

06-01-2026

Source:BL

India has withdrawn import restrictions on low ash metallurgical coke (ash content below 18%) after imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty, balancing trade protection with assured raw material availability for the steel sector.

Read more: Coking Coal as Critical Mineral


Rabies as Notifiable Disease

06-01-2026

Source: IE

The Delhi government has decided to declare human rabies a notifiable disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, aiming to achieve zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies.

Notifiable Disease

 

Read More: Rabies in India


Rising Household Debt in India

05-11-2025

For Prelims: Reserve Bank of India, Mutual funds, International Monetary Fund, Systematic Investment Plan

For Mains: Macroeconomic stability, Drivers of unsecured consumption credit and its spillover risks to secured portfolios

Source: TH

Why in News? 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) notes that since 2019-20, Indian households have been taking on financial debt far more quickly than they are building financial assets. 

What are the Trends in India’s Household Financial Health?

What are the Implications of Rising Household Debt?

What are the Challenges in Household Asset Creation in India?

What Steps can be Taken to Strengthen Household Asset Creation and Manage Debt Risks?

Conclusion

Household debt is rising much faster than asset creation, with more borrowing going toward consumption than wealth building. Strengthening savings habits, social security, and productive credit use will be key to maintaining household and economic stability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the impact of consumption-led borrowing on the income multiplier and inclusive growth. What targeted reforms can raise asset creation among low-income households?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are mutual funds?
A mutual fund pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, or other securities to earn returns; they are professionally managed and market-linked.

2. What is the household debt-to-GDP ratio?
It measures household debt as a share of the country’s GDP; for India, it is about 42–43%, lower than the 49% average for emerging market economies.

3. What is the main trend in Indian household finance?
Debt is rising much faster than asset creation, with household liabilities growing about 102% compared to a 48% rise in assets between 2019-20 and 2024-25.

4. Why is rising unsecured borrowing a concern?
Many borrowers with personal/credit-card loans also have home/vehicle loans; default in one loan can turn all exposure into NPAs, increasing financial stress.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question  

Prelims 

Q. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (2019)

(a) poverty rates vary from State to State 

(b) price levels vary from State to State 

(c) Gross State Product varies from State to State 

(d) quality of public distribution varies from State to State 

Ans: (b) 

Q. As per the NSSO 70th Round “Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households”, consider the following statements: (2018)

  1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 
  2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 
  3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 2 and 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025

05-09-2025

Source: BS

Why in News?

The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 came into effect on 1st September 2025, consolidating India’s immigration laws, imposing stricter penalties for forged documents, and strengthening reporting and monitoring of foreigners.

What are the Key Provisions of the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025?

Did You Know?

Read more: Refugee, Deportation and Related Issues in India




Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana

05-08-2025

Source: TH

The Union Cabinet has approved a total outlay of ₹6,520 crore for Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle (2021–22 to 2025–26). This includes an additional ₹1,920 crore for enhancing food processing infrastructure and safety measures.

Read More: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana, Revolutionizing India's Food Processing Landscape




Matri Van Initiative

05-08-2025

Source: PIB

The ‘Matri Van’, a large-scale urban afforestation initiative under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign, was launched as part of Van Mahotsav 2025 in Gurugram, Haryana.

‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ Campaign

Aravalli Green Wall Project

Read More: Aravali Green Wall Project, Critical Threats Facing the Aravallis



Parliamentary Panel Highlights Funding Cuts to Rural Bodies

05-08-2025

For Prelims:

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), 11th Schedule, State Finance Commissions (SFCs), GST, Gram Sabha, Finance Commissions.   

For Mains:

Issues in Funding of Rural Local Bodies and Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has flagged the “steady decline in the allocation of funds to Panchayati Raj Institutions” and urged the Centre to take “urgent steps” to ensure that adequate, untied, and performance-linked funds are allocated to rural local bodies.

What are the Sources of Funds for Rural Local Bodies?

What are the Issues Related to Funding of Rural Local Bodies?

Status of PRI Funding (Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States Report 2024)

What are the Steps Needed to Improve Funding of Rural Local Bodies?

Conclusion

To ensure the effective functioning of PRIs, it is essential to prioritize timely devolution of funds, enhance revenue generation at the local level, and strengthen institutional mechanisms for transparency and accountability, while promoting sustainable governance practices and empowering rural bodies for long-term growth.

Drishti Mains Question

Q. Discuss the implications of reduced funding to rural bodies on rural development. What measures can be taken to mitigate its effects?

  UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims 

Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (2017)

(a) Federalism 
(b) Democratic decentralisation 
(c) Administrative delegation 
(d) Direct democracy 

Ans: (b)


Q. The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (2015)

  1. People’s participation in development
  2. Political accountability
  3. Democratic decentralization
  4. Financial mobilization

Select the correct answer using the code given below 

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only  
(b) 2 and 4 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only  
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (c)


Mains

Q1. To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022) 

Q2. Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (2018)



NITI Aayog Report on Chemical Industry

05-07-2025

For Prelims: NITI Aayog, Global Value Chains, Chemical Industry, Viability Gap Funding (VGF), Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), PLI Scheme, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Anti-dumping, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), MSME.                       

For Mains: Status and challenges associated with the chemical industry in India, NITI Aayog proposed policy interventions to promote chemical industry. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

NITI Aayog released its report titled Chemical Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains, outlining an ambitious roadmap for India to become a global chemical manufacturing powerhouse. 

What is the Status of the Chemical Industry in India? 

What are the Opportunities in India’s Chemical Industry? 

India's_2030_Aspiration 

What are the Proposed Policy Interventions by NITI Aayog to Promote Chemical Industry? 

Policy_Interventions_for_Chemical_Industry

India’s Initiatives to Support the Chemical Industry 

What Steps are Needed to Strengthen the Chemical Industry? 

Conclusion 

India’s chemical industry, a GDP growth driver, aims to become a global manufacturing hub by 2030 through policy interventions like chemical hubs, OPEX subsidies, FTAs, and an R&D push. Overcoming import dependency, regulatory hurdles, and sustainability challenges requires global integration, safety enforcement, green chemistry, and skill development to achieve USD 1 trillion market potential.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the status, challenges, and policy measures required to make India a global leader in the chemical industry. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims  

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998  

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999  

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011  

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011  

Ans: (c)  




Plastic Waste a Public Health Threat

05-07-2025

For Prelims: Microplastics, Single-Use Plastics, Virgin plastic, Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals 

For Mains: Plastic Waste Management, Conservation Environmental Pollution & Degradation Government Policies & Interventions. 

Source: TH 

Why in News?  

Studies have found alarming levels of microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in human tissues. India, as the world’s top plastic waste generator, faces a growing public health crisis linked to fertility issues, cancers, and chronic diseases. 

How are Microplastics and EDC in Plastics Affecting Human Health?  

Plastics 

What are the Concerns with Plastic Pollution in India? 

India’s Initiatives Related to Plastic Waste Management 

Plastics_Management

How Can India Combat the Growing Threat of Plastics? 

Drishti Mains Question:

India is now the world’s top plastic polluter. Examine the socio-economic and health impacts of plastics. Suggest reforms to tackle this crisis.

  

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 

Ans: (c) 

Q.2 How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? (2018) 

  1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government. 
  2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment? (2019)

(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems. 

(b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children. 

(c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. 

(d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q: What are the impediments in disposing the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our a habitable environment? (2018)



RECLAIM Framework for Mine Closure

05-07-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Coal launched the RECLAIM Framework to ensure just and sustainable mine closures through inclusive community participation. 

What is RECLAIM Framework? 

RECLAIM_ Framework

What are the Key Challenges Related to Coal Mine Closure? 

About Coal 

Coal_Reserves

Drishti Mains Question:

Critically analyse the socio-economic and ecological consequences of unscientific coal mine closures in India. How does the RECLAIM Framework aim to address these issues?

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019) 

  1. The coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi. 
  2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis. 
  3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only  
(b) 2 and 3 only  
(c) 3 only  
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a) 


Mains 

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



NBDSA Flags Communal Code Violations

05-02-2026

Source: IE 

Recently, data revealed that nearly 60% of orders passed by the News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority (NBDSA) over the past three years cited violations of the communal harmony code by private TV and digital news broadcasters. 

News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority (NBDSA)  

Read more: SC Calls for Stronger Discipline Mechanism for TV News Channels 


Miniratna Status for Yantra India Limited

05-02-2026

Source: PIB 

Recently, the Defence Minister granted Miniratna Category-I status to Yantra India Limited, recognising its swift transformation into a profit-making Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) within four years. 

Miniratna_Status_for Yantra_India_Limited

Read more: Miniratna Status to 3 DPSUs 


Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0

05-02-2026

Source: PIB

Recently, NITI Aayog launched Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0, a three-month campaign running from 28th January to 14th April 2026, to fast-track the full coverage of key development indicators across Aspirational Districts and Blocks.

Sampoornata Abhiyan 2.0

Programme Aspirational Districts Programme Aspirational Blocks Programme
Launched January 2018 January 2023
Aim Quickly and effectively transform 112 districts across the country. Saturation of essential government services in 513 Blocks (329 Districts) across the country.
Themes Health & Nutrition
Education
Agriculture & Water Resources
Financial Inclusion & Skill Development
Infrastructure
Health & Nutrition
Education
Agriculture and Allied Services
Basic Infrastructure
Social Development
Number of indicators 49 40

Read more: Sampoornata Abhiyan



Circular Economy in Mobility

05-02-2026

For Prelims: Circular EconomyNITI AayogEnd-of-Life VehiclesE-wasteExtended Producer Responsibility

For Mains: Circular Economy as a Tool for Sustainable Development, Waste Management Challenges in Urbanising India, Critical Minerals, Energy Transition, and Resource Security

Source: PIB 

Why in News?

NITI Aayog launched three thematic reports on Enhancing Circular Economy in End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs), Waste Tyres, E-waste, and Lithium-ion Batteries at the International Material Recycling Conference (IMRC) organised by the Material Recycling Association of India (MRAI) in Jaipur.

Summary

What are the Key Highlights of the NITI Aayog Reports on Circular Economy in the Mobility?

End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)

Circular Economy of Waste Tyres in India 

E-waste and Lithium-Ion Batteries in India 

What is Circular Economy?

Importance of Circular Economy for India 

India’s Initiatives Supporting Circular Economy 

What Measures are Needed to Strengthen the Circular Economy in Mobility? 

End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) 

Circular Economy of Waste Tyres 

E-waste and Lithium-Ion Batteries  

Conclusion 

The NITI Aayog reports collectively stress India’s waste crisis is no longer just a sanitation issue—it is a resource, climate, urban governance, and economic challenge. By embracing a circular economy approach, residual waste can be transformed from an environmental liability into a driver of sustainable growth, green jobs, and climate resilience, aligning India’s development pathway with its SDG commitments. 

Drishti Mains Question:

India’s waste problem is not merely a sanitation issue but an economic and governance challenge. Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is meant by a circular economy?
A circular economy minimises waste and resource use by following the 6Rs—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refurbish, Recover, and Repair, unlike the linear take–make–dispose model.

2. Why are End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) a growing concern in India?
Rapid urbanisation and rising vehicle ownership, including EVs, are projected to increase ELVs from 23 million in 2025 to 50 million by 2030, straining recycling systems.

3. What are the key challenges in India’s waste tyre recycling ecosystem?
The sector suffers from informality, poor traceability, lack of standards, and underutilisation of high-value products like recovered Carbon Black (rCB).

4. Why are E-waste and lithium-ion battery recycling critical for India?
Inefficient recycling increases pollution, health risks, and dependence on imported critical minerals, affecting long-term energy security.

5. What key measures has NITI Aayog suggested to strengthen the circular economy in mobility?
Recommendations include expanding scrappage infrastructure, strengthening EPR, formalising informal recyclers, improving standards, and creating shared recycling facilities

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: ( 2025)

Statement I: Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.

Statement II: Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs.

Statement III: Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

(b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

Ans: (a)

Q. In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?(2019)

(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999

(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011

Ans: (c) 



8th Economic Census (EC) in 2027

04-12-2025

Source: ET

India will carry out its 8th Economic Census (EC) in 2027, following the two-phase Population Census (2026–27).

Read more: Census in India


Sustainable E-Waste Management Strategies

04-10-2025

For Prelims: E-waste, Heavy Metals, Particulate Matter, DNA, Extended Producer Responsibility, Central Pollution Control Board, Blockchain, Right-to-Repair.                                         

For Mains: E-Waste Management in India: Current Status, Challenges, Socio-Economic Impacts, Policy Initiatives, and Way Forward. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

India generated 2.2 million metric tonnes (MT) of e-waste in 2025, becoming the third-largest global generator after China and the US. However, informal recycling exposes millions, especially marginalised communities, to serious health risks, making it a major urban challenge. 

E- Waste 

What are the Key Challenges Associated with Managing E-waste in India? 

How Does E-Waste Impact the Environment and Human Health? 

How can India Make E-waste Management More Sustainable and Efficient? 

Conclusion 

India’s booming digital transformation has intensified its e-waste crisis, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. Sustainable solutions require formalising the informal sector, strengthening enforcement, leveraging technology, promoting consumer responsibility, and embracing circular economy principles. Urgent multi-stakeholder action is essential to safeguard public health, environmental integrity, and long-term economic resilience.

Drishti Mains Question:

"India's digital leap has an unintended consequence: a silent e-waste epidemic." Critically examine this statement, analyzing the socio-economic and environmental challenges posed by informal e-waste recycling in urban India.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What is India’s current e-waste generation status? 
India generated 2.2 million MT of e-waste in 2025, ranking third globally, with urban hotspots like Delhi, Moradabad, and Bhiwandi contributing over 60%. 

2. What is the concept of 'urban mining' in the context of e-waste management? 
It treats e-waste as a valuable resource by recovering precious and rare-earth metals from discarded electronics, promoting a circular economy and reducing the need for virgin material extraction. 

3. What are the major health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling? 
Informal recycling exposes workers to respiratory illnesses, neurological damage, skin disorders, DNA damage, and developmental delays, especially in children. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions  

Prelims:

Q. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (2013)

  1. Beryllium  
  2. Cadmium  
  3. Chromium  
  4. Heptachlor  
  5. Mercury  
  6. Lead  
  7. Plutonium  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only  

(b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only  

(c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only  

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7  

Ans: (b)


Mains:

Q. What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid waste which are continuously being generated? How do we safely remove the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment? (2018)



Model Youth Gram Sabha(MYGS)

04-10-2025

Source: IE 

The Centre is set to launch the Model Youth Gram Sabha (MYGS), a school-based initiative inspired by Model UN simulations, to provide students practical exposure to local governance and Panchayati Raj functioning. 

MYGS 

Read More: Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats 


Fireflies as Ecological Indicators

04-09-2025

Source: IE

A Tamil Nadu Forest Department study in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)  identified eight firefly species and their population dynamics, emphasizing their role as ecological indicators.

Fireflies (Lampyridae)

Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR)

Fireflies

Read More: Firefly for Great Indian Bustard 




BHARATI Initiative

04-09-2025

Source: PIB

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) has launched the BHARATI initiative to strengthen India’s agri-food exports and foster innovation among startups. 

BHARATI Initiative

APEDA

APEDA

Read More: APEDA & TRIFED 



India’s Suspect Registry and Cybersecurity Initiatives

04-09-2025

Source: IE

Why in News?

India’s online suspect registry has saved around Rs 5,100 crore by blocking 13 lakh fraudulent transactions, and it has quickly become a key tool in India’s fight against cybercrime.

What is a Suspect Registry?

Cybercrime Trends in India

Cyber_Crimes

Click here to Read: Cyber Frauds

What are India's Cybersecurity Initiatives?

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the institutional and digital mechanisms established by India to prevent and respond to cybercrime.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) 

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer 
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so 
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion 
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only 
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (b)


Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017) 

  1. Service providers 
  2. Data centres 
  3. Body corporate 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only 
(b) 1 and 2 only 
(c) 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



Conservationists Raise Concerns Over ‘Turtle Trails’

04-02-2026

Source: TH 

The Union Budget 2026–27 proposal to develop ‘turtle trails’ along key turtle nesting sites in Odisha, Karnataka and Kerala, has triggered concerns among conservationists. 

Olive Ridley Turtle 

Olive_Ridley_Turtles

Read more: Olive Ridley Turtle - Drishti IAS 


SC Directions on ‘Digital-Arrest’ Scams

03-12-2025

For Prelims: Central Bureau of InvestigationDigital ArrestMachine Learning and Artificial IntelligenceIndian Cybercrime Coordination Centre  

For Mains: Challenges of Rising Digital Tradecraft, Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks, Cyber security

Source: TH

Why in News?  

The Supreme Court of India has given the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) a free hand to investigate ‘digital arrest’ scams nationwide, after the Union government reported that fraudsters had siphoned off about Rs 3,000 crore, largely from senior citizens. 

What are the Supreme Court Directions on Digital Arrest Scams? 

What is Digital Arrest? 

What are the Challenges in Curtailing Digital-Arrest Scams? 

What are India's Initiatives to Tackle Digital Arrest? 

Conclusion 

Digital-arrest scams show how rapidly cybercrime is evolving and why stronger enforcement and public awareness are essential. With coordinated action from the CBI, states, and I4C, India can better protect citizens and strengthen its digital security ecosystem. 

Drishti Mains Question: 

What is Digital Arrest? Explain how it works and why it is rising in India. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs 

Q. What is a “digital-arrest” scam? 
Digital-arrest is a cyber fraud where scammers impersonate law-enforcement agencies to coerce victims into paying “fines” or “security deposits” by threatening arrest, account freezes, or passport cancellation. 

Q. What is I4C and how does it help? 
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) (Ministry of Home Affairs) coordinates cybercrime intelligence, blocks malicious IDs/accounts, runs the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal, and supports capacity building for state LEAs. 

Q. How can victims report digital fraud quickly? 
Victims can use the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) or call the Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Helpline — 1930, which enables immediate action like blocking suspicious transfers.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020)    

  1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer    
  2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so    
  3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the loss in case of cyber extortion    
  4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only    

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only    

(c) 2 and 3 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4    

Ans: (b) 

Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (2017)    

  1. Service providers    
  2. Data centres    
  3. Body corporate    

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1 only    

(b) 1 and 2 only    

(c) 3 only    

(d) 1, 2 and 3    

Ans: (d) 


Mains

Q. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022)



US Orders Resumption of Nuclear Weapon Testing

03-11-2025

For Prelims: Nuclear Weapon, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), No First Use Policy, New START, Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)  

For Mains: Implications of the resumption of nuclear testing by the US and steps needed to preserve nuclear peace and prevent nuclear escalation. India's stance regarding the use of nuclear weapons.

Source: IE

Why in News?

The US President has ordered the resumption of US nuclear weapon testing after a gap of 33 years (1992), marking a major shift in global nuclear policy.

What is the Status of Global Nuclear Weapon Testing Facility?

What can be the Implications of the U.S. Resuming Nuclear Weapon Testing?

Nuclear Arms Control Treaties 

What is India's Stand on the Use of Nuclear Weapons?

What Steps can Preserve Nuclear Peace and Prevent Nuclear Escalation?

Conclusion

Resuming US nuclear tests risks undermining arms-control norms, triggering a renewed arms race, damaging the environment and public health, complicating global non-proliferation efforts, while straining diplomacy and increasing economic costs.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Examine the implications of resumption of nuclear testing by a major power on global arms control regimes

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
The CTBT (1996) prohibits all nuclear explosions; it has not entered into force—major signatories like the US signed but not ratified, undermining enforceability.

2. What are the key environmental risks associated with nuclear weapons testing?
Testing releases long-lived radioactive isotopes like Caesium-137, leading to widespread contamination of air, soil, and water, and increasing risks of cancer and genetic defects in exposed populations.

3. What is the cornerstone of India's declared nuclear doctrine?
India follows a No First Use (NFU) policy with credible minimum deterrence, balances civilian nuclear programmes and strategic needs while supporting non-proliferation objectives.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned

Ans: (b)

Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



NCB’s Operation- MED MAX

03-07-2025

Source: TH 

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), under Operation MED MAX and in coordination with international agencies, has dismantled a transnational drug cartel operating across more than 10 countries in Asia, North America, Europe, and Oceania. 

Read more: Combating Synthetic Drug Trafficking in India 




National Sports Policy 2025

03-07-2025

For Prelims: 1991 Economic Reforms, Olympics, Khelo India, Fit India Movement, Wrestling Federation of India 

For Mains: Evolution of sports policy in India, Challenges in India’s sports ecosystem, Sports governance and reforms 

Source:PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Cabinet has approved the National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025  (Khelo Bharat Niti 2025), replacing the National Sports Policy, 2001. It outlines a roadmap to make India a global sporting powerhouse with a focus on the 2036 Olympics. 

What are the Key Pillars of the National Sports Policy 2025? 

How has India’s Sports Policy Evolved? 

Major_Sports_Schemes

What are the Challenges in India's Sports Ecosystem? 

What Measures can be Taken to Promote Sports in India? 

Conclusion 

India’s transformation into a global sporting power demands more than policies—it needs implementation, accountability, and sustained vision. With NSP 2025 and the 2036 Olympic aspiration, India stands at a historic juncture. If backed by reforms, inclusivity, and investment, sports can emerge as a powerful engine of national development.

Drishti Mains Question:

Discuss the key features of the National Sports Policy 2025. Examine the persistent challenges in the Indian sports ecosystem and suggest systemic reforms.

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q1. Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000: (2021) 

  1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award. 
  2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One’ players so far. 
  3. Roger Federer received this award the maximum number of times compared to others. 

Which of the above statements are correct? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2 and 3 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c) 

Q2. Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship: (2021) 

  1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won. 
  2. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England. 

Which of the above statements is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans : (d)



Consumer Confidence in India

03-02-2026

For Prelims: Rationalised GSTDisinflationRetail InflationCPIConsumer Confidence Survey (CCS)DeflationInflationK-shaped PatternMinimum Support Price (MSP)MSMEsCapital Expenditure (Capex).

For Mains: Factors supporting consumer confidence in India and associated challenges. Steps needed to maintain a sustainable consumer confidence in India.

Source: IE 

Why in News? 

Following major policy reforms—lower income tax rates and a rationalised GST—consumption, the bedrock of economic growth, appears resilient, though underlying stresses continue to persist beneath the surface of renewed consumer confidence. 

Summary 

What Factors have Supported Consumer Confidence in the Recent Past?

RBI’s Consumer Confidence Survey (CCS) 

What Concerns are Associated with Consumer Confidence in India? 

What Steps are Needed to Maintain a Sustainable Consumer Confidence in India? 

Conclusion 

While recent policy stimulus and low inflation have buoyed short-term consumption, India’s consumer confidence faces long-term stress from eroding household savings, rising debt, and uneven income growth. Sustainable confidence hinges on structural reforms that boost secure incomes, rebuild financial buffers, and ensure broad-based, inclusive economic expansion. 

Drishti Mains Question:

The resilience of India's consumption story is often questioned due to deteriorating household balance sheets. Suggest measures to ensure sustainable consumer confidence in the Indian economy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

1. What recent policies have supported consumer confidence in India? 
Lower income tax rates, GST rationalisation, and RBI rate cuts reduced inflation and borrowing costs, boosting short-term consumption. 

2. Why is recent rural wage growth considered fragile? 
It is driven mainly by low inflation, not strong nominal income growth, making it vulnerable to future price rises. 

3. What does a K-shaped recovery mean for consumption? 
It indicates uneven recovery, where affluent households spend more while lower-income groups face stagnant demand. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Mains

Q. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, the savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (2017)



NATGRID–NPR Integration

03-01-2026

Source: TH

Why in News?

National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has been linked to the National Population Register (NPR), allowing authorised agencies real-time access to family-level demographic data of nearly 119 crore residents, significantly expanding India’s intelligence and investigation architecture.

What are the Key Facts About National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)?

National Population Register (NPR)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is NATGRID and why was it created?
    NATGRID is a secure intelligence-sharing platform conceived after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks to break information silos and enable real-time data access for counter-terrorism and criminal investigations.

  2. What new capability does linking NATGRID with NPR provide?
    It allows authorised agencies real-time access to family-level demographic data of residents, improving suspect identification and network analysis.

  3. Which law governs the National Population Register?
    NPR is prepared under the Citizenship Act, 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2009)

  1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times.
  2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)



Department of Rural Development: Year Ender 2025

03-01-2026

Source: PIB

Why in News?

The Department of Rural Development released its Year Ender 2025, highlighting major gains in rural connectivity, housing, livelihoods, employment, skilling, and social security, alongside the enactment of a new employment guarantee law- marking a significant push towards inclusive and resilient rural growth.

What were the Major Outcomes of India’s Rural Development Efforts in 2025?

Conclusion

Rural development outcomes in 2025 indicate a decisive shift from fragmented welfare delivery to an integrated, technology-enabled, and institution-driven development model. India is strengthening rural resilience, inclusiveness, and state capacity, aligning grassroots transformation with the long-term goal of Viksit Bharat.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. “Rural development in India is no longer about welfare delivery alone but about institution-building and resilience.” Discuss.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the significance of the VB–G RAM G Act, 2025?
    It expands the statutory rural employment guarantee to 125 days, integrates bottom-up planning via Gram Sabhas, and links employment with durable infrastructure creation.

  2. How did PMGSY contribute to rural connectivity by 2025?
    Nearly 95% of sanctioned rural roads (7.87 lakh km) were completed, strengthening economic integration, border connectivity, and all-weather access.

  3. Why is DAY-NRLM considered transformative for rural women?
    It mobilised 10.05 crore women into SHGs, reduced NPAs to 1.76%, and enabled 2 crore Lakhpati Didis, signalling sustainable income generation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q1. Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (2013)

  1. Regional Rural Banks
  2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
  3. Land Development Banks

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (c)

Q2. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (2012)

  1. By setting up a large number of new manufacturing industries and agribusiness centres in rural areas
  2. By strengthening ‘self-help groups’ and providing skill development
  3. By supplying seeds, fertilisers, diesel pump-sets and micro-irrigation equipment free of cost to farmers

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)


Mains 

Q. Despite consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (2016) 



World AIDS Day 2025

02-12-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare organised the World AIDS Day 2025 observance under the theme Overcoming disruption, transforming the AIDS response” and highlighted the national progress on AIDS control. 

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS? 

What is India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is HIV and how is it transmitted? 
HIV attacks the immune system, primarily CD4 cells, and spreads via infected bodily fluids—blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk. Casual contact does not transmit the virus. 

Q. What is the primary goal of the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) Phase-V? 
NACP-V aims to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.3, through comprehensive prevention, testing, and treatment. 

Q. What are the key achievements of India under NACP-V? 
HIV testing increased from 4.13 crore to 6.62 crore, ART coverage rose from 14.94 lakh to 18.60 lakh, and viral load testing nearly doubled. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Q. Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing? (2013)

  1. Chikungunya  
  2. Hepatitis B  
  3. HIV-AIDS  

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

(a) 1 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only   

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)

Q. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019) 

(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.   

(b) Hepatitis B unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.   

(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than those infected with HIV.   

(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.   

Ans: (b)

Q. With regard to the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2010) 

(a) The chances of transmission from female to male are twice as likely as from male to female 

(b) The chances of transmission are more if a person suffers from other sexually transmitted infections   

(c) An infected mother can transmit the infection to her baby during pregnancy, at childbirth and by breast feeding   

(d) The risk of contracting infection from transfusion of infected blood is much higher than an exposure to contaminated needle   

Ans: (a)

Q. Consider the following statements: (2010)

  1. Hepatitis B is several times more infectious than HIV/AIDS  
  2. Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer  

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?   

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 only   

(c) Both 1 and 2   

(d) Neither 1 nor 2   

Ans: (c) 



Assam’s Three-Tier Classification of STs

02-12-2025

Source: ET 

Why in News?  

Assam is facing unrest after a Group of Ministers (GoM) proposed a new three-tier Scheduled Tribes (ST) classification to grant ST status to six communities. While the move has satisfied the applicant groups, it has triggered strong opposition from existing tribals, sparking protests across the state. 

What did Assam’s GoM Recommend on ST Classification? 

How are Scheduled Tribes Notified in India? 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. Who notifies Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution? 
The President notifies STs for each State/UT after consulting the Governor (Article 342); additions/removals can be made only by Parliament through law.

Q. Does the Constitution define criteria for identifying Scheduled Tribes?
No — the Constitution names STs but does not define criteria; the Lokur Committee (1956) recommended criteria like primitive traits, distinct culture, geographic isolation and backwardness.

Q. Can states sub-classify SCs/STs for reservations?
Following State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh (2024), the Supreme Court upheld sub-classification and permitted states to create sub-groups to ensure equitable benefit distribution, subject to law and constitutional limits.

Summary 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question: 

Prelims

Q.1 Consider the following pairs: (2013)   

Tribe           State   

  1. Limboo (Limbu) -  Sikkim  
  2. Karbi  - Himachal Pradesh  
  3. Dongaria Kondh  - Odisha  
  4. Bonda  - Tamil Nadu  

Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?   

(a) 1 and 3 only   

(b) 2 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   

Ans: (a)  

Q.2 Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)   

  1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.   
  2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.   
  3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.   
  4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.   

Which of the statements given above are correct?   

(a) 1, 2 and 3   

(b) 2, 3 and 4   

(c) 1, 2 and 4   

(d) 1, 3 and 4   

Ans: (c)  

Q3. Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: (2023) 

  1. The National Commission for Backward Classes 
  2. The National Human Rights Commission 
  3. The National Law Commission 
  4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission 

How many of the above constitutional bodies? 

(a) Only one 
(b) Only two 
(c) Only three 
(d) All four 

Ans: (a)



Aadi Vaani: AI Translator for Tribal Languages

02-09-2025

Source: TH

The Union government launched the beta version of Aadi Vaani, India’s First AI-powered Translator for Adivasi languages, to strengthen communication and capacity-building in tribal districts.

BHASHINI (BHASHa INterface for India)

Read more:  Digital India BHASHINI




Slums in Floodplains

02-08-2025

For Prelims: UN-HABITAT, Smart Cities Mission, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, National Sample Survey Office, Ganga 

For Mains: Urbanisation and associated problems, Social justice and vulnerable sections, rights of slum dwellers. 

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A global study, published in Nature Cities, has revealed that India has the world’s highest number of slum clusters located in flood-prone areas.  

What are the Global Trends in Flood Risk and Slum Settlements? 

Factors Responsible for Flooding in India 

Urban Flood

What is the Status of Slums in India? 

What Measures can be Adopted for Sustainable Slum and Flood Management? 

Conclusion

As the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development deadline approaches, there is an urgent need to address flood vulnerability in slum settlements. Efforts must be accelerated to achieve SDG Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty), especially for communities already living in flood-exposed areas.

Drishti Mains Question: 

"The growth of informal settlements in flood-prone zones reflects the failure of urban governance in India." Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)  

Prelims:

Q. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (2011)

  1. La Nina is characterised by an usually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterised by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
  2. El Nino has adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (d)


Mains:

Q. Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises? (2023)

Q. Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (2020)

Q. Discuss the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. (2013)




5 Years of NEP 2020

02-08-2025

For Prelims: National Education Policy (NEP 2020), PM SHRI, Right to Education Act, 2009, PARAKH, NISHTHA, PM e-VIDYA, DIKSHA, Vidya Samiksha Kendra, SDG, Centrally Sponsored Scheme, Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs)  

For Mains: Key Achievements & Challenges Related to NEP 2020, Government Policies Related to Education, Measures to Strengthen NEP. 

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The Union Education Minister inaugurated the Akhil Bharatiya Shiksha Samagam (ABSS) 2025 to mark the 5th anniversary of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. 

What are the Key Achievements of NEP 2020? 

What is the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020? 

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

NEP Targets

Schemes Under NEP 

What are the Key Challenges Related to the NEP 2020? 

What Steps are Needed to Strengthen the Implementation of NEP 2020? 

Conclusion 

NEP 2020 provides a transformative vision for a 21st-century education system. Notable progress includes Foundational Literacy & Numeracy (FLN), digital access, and higher education reforms. However, federal disagreements, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory delays remain key challenges. With strategic investment, inter-governmental coordination, and innovation, NEP’s goals of a flexible, inclusive, and future-ready education ecosystem can be achieved. 

Drishti Mains Question:

What are the key features of National Education Policy (NEP 2020). Critically analyze the impact of NEP 2020 on federalism. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)  

Mains

Q. National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (2020)



India's Resolution on the 'Wise Use of Wetlands' Adopted at Ramsar COP15

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News?  

India’s resolution on the ‘‘Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles for the Wise Use of Wetlands’’ was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, held at  Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. 

What is India’s Resolution on the Wise Use of Wetlands? 

Wise Use of Wetlands 

What are the Key Outcomes of Ramsar COP15? 

Ramsar_Convention

Drishti Mains Question:

The concept of ‘wise use’ of wetlands is central to the Ramsar Convention. Examine India’s approach towards ensuring the wise use of wetlands.

Read more: Global Wetland Outlook 2025 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims 

Q. “If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? (2022)

a. The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation. 

b. Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive. 

c. Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and Soil stabilization. 

d. Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients.

Ans: (d)

Q. If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply?(2014) 

(a) Changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring or are likely to occur in the wetland as a result of human interference    

(b) The country in which the wetland is located should enact a law to prohibit any human activity  within five kilometres from the edge of the wetland    

(c) The survival of the wetland depends on the cultural practices and traditions of certain communities living in its vicinity and therefore the cultural diversity therein should not be destroyed    

(d) It is given the status of ‘World Heritage Site’   

Ans: (a)


Mains

Q. What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation.Cite two Examples of Ramsar site from India. (2018)



Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025

02-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

Key provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 have come into force, aiming to enhance banking governance, improve audit transparency, strengthen depositor protection, and bring cooperative banks under a more robust regulatory framework. 

What is Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025? 

Read more:

 

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims

Q. With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements: (2021)

  1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 
  2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 
  3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 and 3 only 
(c) 1 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements are correct? (2022)

  1. The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. 
  2. BBB recommends for the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. 
  3. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks in developing strategies and capital raising plans. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below:  

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only  

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (b)



Coking Coal Declared a Critical Mineral

02-02-2026

Source: PIB 

The Government of India has declared Coking Coal a Critical and Strategic Mineral under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR) to reduce import reliance and support the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047. 

Coking Coal 

Read More: Coking Coal as Critical Mineral 


BEE Standards and Labelling Programme

02-01-2026

Source: TH

Why in News?

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has tightened India’s energy efficiency regime by making star labelling mandatory for a wider range of appliances, thereby expanding compulsory energy performance disclosure under the Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme.

What is the BEE’s Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme?

India’s Energy Efficiency Initiatives

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  1. What is the Standards and Labelling (S&L) Programme?
    It is an energy efficiency programme launched in 2006 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 to rate appliances on a 1–5 star scale based on energy performance.

  2. Who implements the S&L Programme in India?
    The programme is implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the Ministry of Power.

  3. Why is expansion of mandatory star labelling significant?
    It improves transparency, reduces electricity demand, lowers consumer bills, and has already cut about 60 million tonnes of CO₂ annually.

  4. What is the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)?
    NMEEE is a mission under NAPCC focusing on industrial and market-based energy efficiency through PAT, MTEE, EEFP, and FEEED.

  5. What is the purpose of the State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI)?
    It assesses and compares energy efficiency performance of States and UTs, encouraging data-driven governance and healthy competition.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question: 

Prelims 

Q. With reference to street lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from LED lamps? ( 2021)

  1. Sodium lamps produce light at 360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps. 
  2. As street lights, sodium lamps have a longer lifespan than LED lamps. 
  3. The spectrum of visible light from sodium lamps is almost monochromatic, while LED lamps offer significant colour advantages in street lighting. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 3 only 

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (c)

Q. On which of the following can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label? (2016)

  1. Ceiling fans 
  2. Electric geysers 
  3. Tubular fluorescent lamps 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only 
(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (d)



Navigating the Coal Transition for Energy Security

01-12-2025

For Prelims: Quality Council of IndiaMines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Sedimentary RockGSTCoal GasificationCoking CoalFlue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)Battery Energy Storage Systems    

For Mains: Key Facts Regarding the Coal Sector and its Importance in Indian Economy, Major Challenges and Drawbacks Facing India's Coal Sector and Way Forward.  

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The government has allowed private entities, accredited by the Quality Council of India (QCI), to serve as Accredited Prospecting Agencies (APAs) and carry out prospecting work under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. 

What Role does Coal Play in India's Energy Security? 

What are the Key Facts Regarding the Coal Sector in India? 

What are the Major Challenges Facing India's Coal Sector? 

How can India Navigate a Just Transition from Coal to a Renewable Energy Dominated Future? 

Conclusion 

India's coal sector remains vital for energy security and the economy, but it faces unsustainable environmental and economic costs. The future hinges on a dual strategy: responsibly managing coal as a transitional, flexible power source while aggressively scaling up renewables and storage for a sustainable, self-reliant energy future.

Drishti Mains Question:

"Coal is the bedrock of India's energy security, but its long-term sustainability is questionable." Critically analyze this statement in the context of India's developmental and environmental goals.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q. What is the significance of coal in India’s energy mix?
Coal contributes 55% to India’s energy mix and fuels over 74% of electricity generation, providing stable, reliable power essential for grid stability. 

Q. Which Indian states hold the largest coal reserves? 
Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh together account for 69% of India’s total coal reserves. 

Q. How is the government promoting cleaner use of coal? 
Through initiatives like a Rs 8,500 crore viability gap funding scheme for coal gasification, which converts coal to syngas for cleaner fuels and chemicals, reducing its direct carbon footprint. 

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims 

Q1. Consider the following statements: (2019) 

  1. Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi. 
  2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis. 
  3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)

Q2. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/characteristics of Indian coal? (2013) 

  1. High ash content 
  2. Low sulphur content 
  3. Low ash fusion temperature 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 2 only 

(c) 1 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (a)


Mains 

Q. Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (2021)

Q. “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. (2017)



India’s manufacturing sector shows momentum but faces persistent bottlenecks

01-10-2025

Source: IE

Why in News? 

Climate Activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained under the National Security Act (NSA), 1980, which allows the government to act pre-emptively against individuals considered a threat to public order or national security.

What is Preventive Detention?

What is the National Security Act,1980?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is preventive detention under Indian law?

Holding a person to prevent potential threats to public order, security, or essential supplies, not as punishment.

2. Which constitutional provision governs preventive detention in India?

Article 22 permits preventive detention, allowing up to 3 months without Advisory Board approval and longer detention with review by an Advisory Board of High Court judges.

3. What is the National Security Act,1980?

The NSA is a preventive detention law that allows authorities to detain individuals to protect India’s security, public order, and essential supplies.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements:

  1. According to the Constitution of India, the Central Government has a duty to protect States from internal disturbances.
  2. The Constitution of India exempts the States from providing legal counsel to a person being held under preventive detention.
  3. According to the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002, a confession made by the accused to the police cannot be used as evidence.

How many of the above statements are correct?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Ans: B 



Empowering Women in Agriculture

01-10-2025

For Prelims: Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana, Kisan Credit Cards, Tea, Coffee, Gram Panchayats, Cooperatives, Farmer Producer Organizations, BHASHINI, Digital Sakhi, e-NAM.

For Mains: Status of Feminisation of Indian Agriculture, Challenges in Women's Agricultural Empowerment, Systemic Barriers to Women's Progress, Government Initiatives for Women Farmers, Strategies for Future Empowerment.

Source: TH

Why in News?

As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24, women’s participation in agriculture has increased significantly, however, nearly half of them continue to remain unpaid, reflecting deep-rooted gender disparities in farm employment.

What is the Status of Women in Agriculture Across India?

What Factors are Leading to Feminisation of Agriculture in India?

What are the Systemic Barriers Limiting Women’s Progress in Agriculture?

Mnemonic: WOMEN

Systemic_Barriers_for_Women_in_Agriculture

What Measures can Effectively Ensure the Empowerment of Women Farmers in India?

Mnemonic: GROW 

Conclusion

To harness the potential of feminising agriculture, India must transition from recognizing women's labor to empowering them as economic agents. This requires dismantling systemic barriers like land rights denial and wage gaps, while actively promoting their access to technology, markets, and decision-making roles for inclusive growth.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. "The feminisation of agriculture in India has reinforced existing inequities rather than empowering women." Critically examine this statement and suggest measures for a gender-inclusive agricultural growth model.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is Feminisation of Agriculture?

Ans: The feminisation of agriculture refers to the increasing participation of women in agricultural labor due to the migration of men to non-farm jobs.

2. What is the current share of women in India’s agricultural workforce?

Ans: Women now constitute over 42% of India’s agricultural workforce, marking a 135% increase in the past decade.

3. Which factors are driving the feminisation of agriculture in India?

Ans: Male out-migration, growth of contract farming, patriarchal norms, and limited non-farm opportunities for women are key drivers.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs) 

Prelims: 

Q. With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of “Conservation Agriculture” assumes significance. Which of the following fall under the Conservation Agriculture? (2018)

  1. Avoiding the monoculture practices 
  2. Adopting minimum tillage. 
  3. Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops 
  4. Using crop residues to cover soil surface 
  5. Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1, 3 and 4 

(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 

(c) 2, 4 and 5  

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5 

Ans: (c)


Mains: 

Q. Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India. (2014)



Wassenaar Arrangement

01-10-2025

For Prelims: Wassenaar Arrangement,  No Money for Terrorism, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Non-Proliferation Treaty

For Mains: Wassenaar Arrangement, Multilateral Export Control Regimes and Global Security, Challenges of Regulating Digital Technologies and Cloud Services

Source:TH

Why in News? 

Protests erupted against Microsoft after allegations that its Azure cloud services were used to support Israeli military operations in Palestine, causing civilian harm and raising concerns over loopholes in the Wassenaar Arrangement’s export control framework.

What is Wassenaar Arrangement?

India and Wassenaar Arrangement

Wassenaar _Arrangement

What are the Challenges facing the Wassenaar Arrangement?

What Measures can Strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Conclusion

The Wassenaar Arrangement, while foundational for global export controls, struggles to keep pace with rapidly evolving cloud and digital technologies. Strengthening the regime with binding rules, agile oversight, and end-use controls is essential to prevent misuse and safeguard human rights.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q.  Evaluate the role of the Wassenaar Arrangement in promoting global security and non-proliferation. How has its relevance evolved in the digital and cloud era?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the Wassenaar Arrangement?

  A 1996 multilateral regime controlling conventional arms and dual-use technologies to enhance global security.

2. Which lists are maintained under the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Munitions List (tanks, aircraft, small arms) and Dual-Use List (civilian/military tech).

3. Why is the Wassenaar Arrangement’s relevance challenged today?

It struggles with cloud, AI, and digital surveillance technologies, has a voluntary consensus-based framework, inconsistent national implementation, and limited human rights considerations.

4. What reforms can strengthen the Wassenaar Arrangement?

Expand scope to digital/cloud tech, redefine “export,” introduce binding rules, enforce real-time watchlists, integrate human rights and risk-based licensing.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims 

Q. Recently the USA decided to support India’s membership in multi-lateral export control regimes called the “Australia Group” and the “Wassenaar Arrangements”. What is the difference between them ? (2011)

1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.

2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly Asian, African and Page 9 North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.

Which of the statements given above is/ correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (d)


Q. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (2020)

(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium 

(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies 

(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises 

(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned 

Ans: (b)


Mains

Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (2018)



Payments Regulatory Board (PRB)

01-10-2025

Source: IE

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established a six-member Payments Regulatory Board (PRB) to enhance oversight and governance of the country’s payment systems.

Regulation of Payment Systems in India

Read More: Unified Payments Interface (UPI)



NHAI Sustainability Report 2023-24

01-08-2025

Source: PIB 

Why in News? 

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) released its second Sustainability Report for FY 2023–24, detailing significant achievements in integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into its operations.  

What are the Major Environmental Sustainability Initiatives Undertaken by NHAI? 

How Infrastructure Development can be Synergised with Environmental Sustainability?  

National Highways Authority of India 

Conclusion 

NHAI’s Sustainability Report reflects a strategic shift from "build fast" to "build green", integrating climate consciousness with infrastructure expansion. India must walk the path of 'concrete with conscience', where every highway, bridge, or port is not just an economic asset but also an ecological responsibility. 

Related Keywords for Mains:  

Drishti Mains Question: 

"Infrastructure development is often seen as a trade-off with environmental sustainability. In the Indian context, how can sustainable infrastructure be achieved without compromising the needs of economic growth and ecological preservation?"

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Q. “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (2021)



Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025

01-08-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has notified the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025 under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986.  

What are the Key Provisions of the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025? 

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 

UPSC Civil Services Exam, Previous Year Questions (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements: (2019)

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to: 

  1. State the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought. 
  2. Lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

(a) 1 only 
(b) 2 only 
(c) Both 1 and 2 
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (b)



India's Air Pollution Crisis

01-07-2025

Source: TH 

Why in News? 

A recent study revealed that secondary pollutants, particularly ammonium sulphate (sulphur dioxide (SO₂) + ammonia (NH₃)), contribute to nearly one-third of India’s PM2.5 pollution highlighting the urgent need for air pollution controls. 

What are Key Facts Regarding Air Pollution? 

Air_Pollutants 

What is Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)? 

Flue_Gas_Desulphurisation

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)   

Prelims

Q. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020) 

  1. Automobile exhaust  
  2. Tobacco smoke  
  3. Wood burning  
  4. Using varnished wooden furniture  
  5. Using products made of polyurethane  

Select the correct answer using the code given below:   

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only    

(b) 2 and 4 only   

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only    

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   

Ans: (a)  

Q. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation techniques? (2017) 

  1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 
  2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 
  3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only   

(b) 2 and 3 only  

(c) 1 and 3 only   

(d) 1, 2 and 3  

Ans: (c)



10 Years of Digital India

01-07-2025

For Prelims: Digital India, Financial Inclusion, Digital Infrastructure, Optical Fibre, UPI, Aadhaar, Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), Government e-Marketplace (GeM), IndiaAI Mission (2024–29), India Semiconductor Mission, Karmayogi Bharat, iGOT, DigiLocker, UMANG App, BHASHINI, Common Service Centres, BharatNet, Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, Cyber Surakshit Bharat, Skill India, PMGDISHA.       

For Mains: Performance of Digital India,  Key Issues Associated with Digital India and further measures needed to strengthen Digital India. 

Source: PIB  

Why in News? 

On 1st July 2025, India celebrated 10 years of Digital India, a flagship initiative launched in 2015 to bridge the digital divide and empower citizens through technology 

What are Achievements of Digital India Since its Launch? 

What is the Digital India Initiative?  

Digital_India_Initiative_Pillars 

Key_Milestones_Digital_India 

What are the Key Issues Associated with the Digital India Initiative? 

What Measures can be Adopted to Further Strengthen the Digital India Initiative? 

Conclusion 

In its 10-year journey, Digital India has revolutionised service delivery, economic empowerment, and citizen participation. However, challenges like the digital divide, cybersecurity, and data privacy persist. With strategic reforms, inclusive infrastructure, and robust regulation, Digital India can become the cornerstone of Viksit Bharat, enabling equitable and sustainable digital growth. 

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Digital India has bridged technological gaps but faces persistent challenges. Critically analyze this statement with reference to India’s digital transformation (2015–2025).

 

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ) 

Prelims

Q. Consider the following: (2022)

  1. Aarogya Setu 
  2. CoWIN 
  3. DigiLocker 
  4. DIKSHA 

Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 

(a) 1 and 2 only 

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Ans: (d)  

Q. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018)

  1. Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. 
  2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 
  3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 and 2 only  

(b) 3 only  

(c) 2 and 3 only 

(d) 1, 2 and 3 

Ans: (b) 

Q. Regarding ‘DigiLocker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016)

  1. It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme. 
  2. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

(a) 1 only 

(b) 2 only  

(c) Both 1 and 2 

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 

Ans: (c) 


Mains 

Q. “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (2020)

Q. How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regard? (2015).